In 1620 tests, the homogeneous series contained 52% of the absolute
errors, the heterogeneous 29%, and the similar 19%.
COLORS
In the hope that some light might be thrown upon the main question at
issue, the writer changed the stimuli, using colors instead of numbers.
It was important that the colors should be of the same or only slightly
varying intensity and that they should be easily distinguishable. In a
series of preliminary experiments in which red, blue, yellow, green,
brown, gray, pink, and violet were used, red was lost in 8% of the
tests, and gray in 25%.
Colors 1×4 cm. in size "ran into each other," while those which were
1×1 cm. remained distinct.
Here it was found necessary to distinguish between the various
factors which might cause inhibition. Three factors entered into each
test--perceiving, naming, remembering.
Four subjects found difficulty in naming, especially at first. The
various methods of naming are given below in detail. M. says: "The name
of the color is localized in my mouth. Generally there is no movement
of the tongue--an impulse only; and the name is felt in that part of
the mouth where the sound would be reflected, as, red in the upper
part, blue near the front, etc."
S.: "Usually there is no apparent tendency to pronounce. Occasionally,
naming them over inaudibly before recording is found advantageous."
E., V., and H.: "The naming is mental, but is accompanied by a slight
movement of the tongue and throat."
684 heterogeneous and 200 homogeneous tests showed that greatest
inhibition occurred in the following order: 4th place (27%), 3d
(26%), 5th (24%), 2d (11%), 6th (8%), 1st (4%). There was but little
difference in the 3d, 4th, and 5th places.
During first tests subjects were allowed only one exposure, but later
it was thought best to eliminate all omissions resulting from inability
to name colors perceived, and hence they were asked to record only when
able to name all colors perceived during that exposure. However several
required but one exposure.
Preliminary drill was given for two weeks. Since no clear cases of
fusion had been obtained in the entire number-series, the one aim
of the experimenter was to ascertain whether fusion of colors, even
though of heterogeneous, be possible. Eight hundred heterogeneous
tests gave 927 cases of inhibition, 7 of fusion, and 18 which, though
somewhat doubtful, yet gave more evidence of fusion than of inhibition.
Yellow (3d place) and brown (6th place) were seen as yellowish-brown,
brown and pink as pinkish-brown, etc. Gray was seen several times
instead of a color and its complementary when these were in immediate
succession. This was true of both red and blue. Half of the total
number of substitutions was due to the displacement of yellow by brown.
And a color not in the series was as likely to be substituted as one
preceding or following the displaced color.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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