4. “If one have trained a vine, or a gourd, or ivy, and covered it over?” “It is disallowed. But if the covering be larger than these, or if they have been trimmed, it is allowed.” The rule is, everything which contracts uncleanness, and does not grow from the ground, must not be used for a covering; but everything which does not contract uncleanness, and grows from the ground, may be used for a covering. 5. Bundles of straw, and bundles of wood, and bundles of twigs, must not be used for covering. But all of them, if untied, are allowed. And all of them are allowed for side walls. 6. “They may cover it with laths.” The words of R. Judah; but R. Meier forbids it. “If one put a board four hands wide over it?” “It is allowed, provided he do not sleep under it.” 7. “Rafters over which there is no ceiling?” R. Judah says, “the school of Shammai say, ‘let him loosen them, and remove the middle one out of three.’ But the school of Hillel say, ‘he may either loosen them, or remove the middle one out of every three.’ ” R. Meier says, “he must remove the middle one out of every three, but he need not loosen them.” 8. “If one roof in his booth with spits, or bed-boards?” “If the intermediate spaces be equal to them, it is allowed.” “If one pile up loose sheaves to make a booth?” “It is no booth.” 9. “If one interweave the side walls from above downwards?” “If they be three hand-breadths high from the ground, it is disallowed.” “If from the ground upwards they be ten hand-breadths high?” “It is allowed.” R. José says, “even as from the ground upward ten hand-breadths (are required), so likewise from the roof downward, ten hand-breadths (are required).” “If the covering be three hand-breadths above the side walls?” “It is disallowed.” 10. “If a house be unroofed and covered over?” “If there be a space of four cubits between the wall and the covering, it is disallowed: also a court, in which there is an enclosed passage.” “If the large booth be enclosed with covering, which must not be used, and if there be below it a space of four cubits?” “It is disallowed.” 11. “If one make his booth like a pyramid; or lean it against a wall?” R. Eleazar “disallows it, because it has no roof”; but the Sages “allow it.” “A large reed mat, which has been made for sleeping purposes?” “It contracts uncleanness, and they must not cover with it.” “If made for covering purposes?” “They may use it; and it contracts no uncleanness.” R. Eleazar says, “whether large or small, if made for sleeping, it contracts uncleanness, and must not be used for covering; but if made for covering, they may cover with it, and it contracts no uncleanness.” Chapter II