+a+ before two consonants (except +ng+) often changes to +e+. _E.g._ s{a}cr-o, con-s{e}cr-o; d{a}mn-o, con-d{e}mn-o. +a+ before one consonant and before +ng+ often changes to +i+. _E.g._ f{a}c-io, ef-f{i}c-io; c{ă}d-o, ac-c{i}d-o; t{a}ng-o, con-t{i}ng-o. But gr{ă}d-ior, ag-gr{ĕ}d-ior. +a+ before +l+ and another consonant changes to +u+. _E.g._ s{a}lt-are, in-s{u}lt-are. +ĕ+ changes to +ĭ+ (but not +e+ before two consonants) and +ae+ to +i+. _E.g._ t{e}n-ere, ob-t{i}n-ere; qu{ae}r-ere, in-qu{i}r-ere. +au+ changes to +u+. _E.g._ cl{au}d-ere, in-cl{u}d-ere. (2) +Prefixes:+--To help you to detach the prefix more readily, notice these simple euphonic changes, all of which result in making the pronunciation smoother and easier. Thus:-- (i.) +The last consonant of a Latin prefix is often made the same as, or similar to, the first consonant of the stem.+ _E.g._ {ad}-fero = affero; {ob}-pono = {op}-pono; {com}(={cum})-tendo = {con}-tendo. (ii.) +The final consonant of a prefix is often dropped before two consonants.+ _E.g._ {ad}-scendo = {a}-scendo. Notice also that the prepositional prefixes to verbs express different ideas in different combinations. Thus, sometimes the prefix has a somewhat +literal prepositional+ force. _E.g._ {per}-currere = to run +through+. But sometimes an +intensive+ force. _E.g._ {per}-terrere = to +thoroughly+ frighten. In all such cases you must be partly guided by the context. (For List of Important Prefixes, see Appendix II. pp. 277--281.) (3) +Suffixes+ (other than grammatical inflexions). A knowledge of the most important suffixes will often help you to the correct meaning of a Latin word, the root of which is familiar to you. Thus from the √ag = _drive, move_, we have-- by addition of +-tor+ (= _agent or doer_ of an action), +actor+ = _a doer_, _agent_. „ „ „ +-men+ (= _acts or results of acts_), +agmen+ = _a course_, _line of march_, &c. „ „ „ +-ilis+ (= _belonging to, able to_), +agilis+ = _easily moved_, _agile_. „ „ „ +-ito+ (= _forcible or repeated action_), +agito+ = _put in action_, _agitate_. (For List of Important Suffixes, see Appendix III. pp. 282--286.) (4) +Cognates+, that is, words +related in meaning+ through a common root. You will find it very useful to make for yourself lists of cognate words. Thus from the √+gna, gno+ = _know_, we have-- +gna-rus+ = _knowing_. +i-gnarus+ (= +in + gnarus+) = _ignorant_. +nos-co+ (= +gno-sco+) = _to get a knowledge of_. +i-gno-sco+ = _not to know_, _pardon_. +no-bilis+ (= +gno-bilis+) = _that can be known_, _famous_, _noble_. +no-men+ (= +gno-men+) = _a name_. To group together in this manner words of common origin and words closely associated in meaning is one of the best ways in which you can increase your vocabulary. (For additional Examples of Cognates, see Appendix IV. pp. 287-8.) HELPS TO TRANSLATION.