Every blazon begins by describing the field, its divisions (if any) and colour. The partition lines by which it may be divided are named like the ordinaries, and may therefore be most usefully considered in connexion with them (_see_ p. 47). Heraldic tinctures, as they are all called, consist of metals, colours and furs. The metals and their technical names are: Or = gold, and Argent = silver. In painting, yellow is equivalent to gold and may be substituted for it; as white may be, and generally is, substituted for silver. It may be noted, however, that when an animal is naturally yellow, and is blazoned _proper_ (ppr.) it must be painted yellow and not gold. The colours are: Gules, signifying red; Azure for blue; Vert for green; Purpure, purple; and Sable, black. Though the terms are more immediately derived from Norman-French, the early language of chivalry, some of them at least are believed to have been derived from Eastern, probably Persian, sources. In practice they are considered to be completely anglicized and are pronounced accordingly. This also applies to most heraldic terms, but not to all, the practice in this respect being somewhat arbitrary. Tinctures are sometimes indicated by means of lines and other marks, a system which arose in the beginning of the seventeenth century, and was derived from the line tints which had long been used in engraving to distinguish contiguous spaces from each other, and used in this way they were valuable and unobjectionable because they were under control. When, however, a colour meaning was given to the lines the designer was no longer able to restrict their employment to where they were artistically useful, but must use them throughout or not at all. And the latter is, on the whole, the more satisfactory way. On flat spaces, if the lines are sufficiently pronounced to be legible, they may lead the eye in a direction that is not helpful to the composition, and on modelled charges or crests they have a flattening and confusing effect that is very disagreeable. In some instances the tincture lines have been used only in small patches, such as in shadows, and this is least objectionable, but is only possible in very simple cases. The signs of the tinctures are as follows:-- Argent is shown by a plain surface. Or is signified by spots and sometimes by slight pecks which produce the appearance of a grain. Gules by perpendicular lines. Azure by horizontal lines. Vert by oblique lines drawn downwards from dexter to sinister. Purpure by oblique lines from sinister to dexter, and Sable by horizontal and perpendicular lines hatched across each other (Fig. 35). [Illustration: Or. Argent. Gules. Azure. Vert. Purpure. Sable. FIG. 35.--The Tinctures.] The tinctures are usually contracted into arg., gu., az., vt., purp., and sa. for convenience.