3. ‘The Grete Herball’ 40 IV. THE BOTANICAL RENAISSANCE OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES 1. The Herbal in Germany 47 2. The Herbal in the Low Countries 70 3. The Herbal in Italy 79 4. The Herbal in Switzerland 90 5. The Herbal in France 98 6. The Herbal in England 100 7. The Revival of Aristotelian Botany 116 V. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ART OF PLANT DESCRIPTION 119 VI. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANT CLASSIFICATION 134 VII. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ART OF BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATION 154 VIII. THE DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES, AND ASTROLOGICAL BOTANY 204 IX. CONCLUSIONS 221 APPENDIX I A Chronological List of the Principal Herbals and Related Botanical Works published between 1470 and 1670 227 APPENDIX II A List, in Alphabetical Order, of the Principal Critical and Historical Works dealing with the Subjects discussed in this Book 241 INDEX 247 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FRONTISPIECE Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566) [Engraving by Speckle in _De historia stirpium_, 1542] PLATES PLATE _Face page_ I. “Sonchos” [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa A.D. 500]. _Reduced_ 4 II. “Stratiotes” [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa A.D. 500]. _Reduced_ 8 III. Wood-cut of Plants [Konrad von Megenberg. Das půch der natur. 1475]. _Reduced_ 10 IV. “Orbicularis” [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (_The tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary_) 12 V. “Mandragora” = Mandrake [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (_The tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary_) 34 VI. Joachim Camerarius, the younger (1534-1598) [Engraving by Bartholomæus Kilian. Probably between 1650 and 1700. Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum] 68 VII. Charles de l’Écluse (1526-1609) [Print in the Botany School, Cambridge] 74