XIII, 438: “.... widerspricht nicht nur der Zeitrechnung und der gesammten _Völkergeschichte_.” XV, 124: “Damit ich mich des altdeutschen _Volksausdrucks_ bediene.” “Aus dem Latein kam er ins Englische ins Deutsche, wie mehrere Wörter und noch ist er in der _Volkssprache_.” Herder is discussing the word _Priamel_ which he says is perhaps from the Latin praeambulum. _Volk_ in the two compounds must mean the less learned. V, 493: “nun müsste der Bewohner des Schiffs und der Küste der expatrirte Seestreicher und _Völkerläufer_ dem Bewohner des Zelts und der Ackerhütte ein ganz anderes Geschöpf dünken.” V, 501: “Völkerrecht.” V, 515: “Ihre Feudaleinrichtung wie untergrub sie das Gewühl _Volkreicher_ üppiger Städte.” The foregoing citations indicate two distinct senses in which Herder uses the term _Volk_: _Volk_ is equivalent to nation; nation carrying the idea of a group bound together by blood or language or government, or by all three. As such, a _Volk_ is a collective personality, has a marked individuality, and is characterized by a national spirit. 2. (_a_) _Volk_ is a race or a nation that never advanced beyond primitive grades of culture; that therefore never was subject to what he considers the deteriorating and degrading effects of higher civilization; (_b_) _Volk_ is a group to be found within a civilized nation; a group which has retained the primitivism just noted above. Primitivism then is characteristic of all _Volk_ included in section II. This primitivism whether in the entire race or in a special portion is always eulogized. These primitive specimens have the most pronounced racial individuality because civilization has not interfered with the influences of environment. CHAPTER III CONCEPTIONS OF _VOLK_ AS GATHERED FROM HERDER’S COLLECTION OF VOLKSLIEDER That Herder’s conception of that group of people which he calls _Volk_ bears relationship to a certain genre of poetry is implied in the fact that he first coined the word _Volkslied_: “_Volkslied_, n. von Herder, August, 1771 geprägt.” F. L. K. Weigand, _Deutsches Wörterbuch_, Giessen; Verlag von Alfred Töpelmann, 1909. “_Volkslied_ zuerst von Herder.” M. Heyne, _Deutsches Wörterbuch_, Leipzig; Verlag von S. Hirzel, 1895. Herder himself has made a collection of specimens of this peculiar type of song. According to his own statements these poems bear the distinguishing marks of that sort of people which he has in mind as being distinctively _Volk_. In his essay, _Ähnlichkeit der mittlern englischen und deutschen Dichtkunst_, he says: Alle unpolizirte Völker singen und handeln; was sie handeln singen sie und singen Abhandlung. Ihre Gesänge sind das Archiv des Volks der Schatz ihrer Wissenschaft und Religion ihrer Theogonie und Kosmogenien der Thaten ihrer Väter und der Begebenheiten ihrer Geschichte, Abdruck ihres Herzens, Bild ihres häuslichen Lebens in Freude und Leid, beim Brautbett und Grabe.