The works of Whewell on the inductive sciences, the article on botany in the “Encyclopædia Britannica,” Pulteney’s “Life of Linnæus,” and that written by Miss Brightwell, of Norwich, and De Candolle’s “Mémoires et souvenirs écrits par lui même” have been freely and largely quoted in these chapters. [Illustration] CHAPTER VI. HEROES OF ZOOLOGY. The nature of the science of zoology—Great zoologists usually botanists also—Aristoteles as a zoologist—Plinius—The long age of no progress—The life of Conrad Gesner—The zoology of Ray and Willughby—Swammerdam—Réaumur—The zoology of Linnæus. Zoology does for animals what botany does for plants. It is the science which treats of the resemblances and differences of animals, their shapes, and habits, and which explains their position on the earth in different countries, and classifies them. It is inseparably linked on to the study of comparative anatomy and to physiology which treats of the internal structures and the influence which the outside world has upon the living thing. Like botany, the science arose in a simple manner, and men first of all learned to distinguish one animal from another, giving them names. Then their habits were noticed, and some attempt was made to arrange animals by their greater or less resemblances of external shape. The age of the wonderful affected zoology as it did botany, and the intellectual darkness of the Middle Ages prevented progress. The writings of travellers, the discovery of the microscope, and civil and religious liberty, caused the rise of zoology, and the classifications gradually began to include the past or extinct kinds of animals with those which are now existing in a great scheme, which indicates the succession of living things upon the earth. As a great branch of natural history, it was to be expected that zoology would be studied with botany; and in fact, nearly all the great botanists have been able zoologists, whilst nearly every great zoologist began with botany.