Coastal, Inlets, Rivers, Creeks. Canals -- Europe, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Other States; Passenger Traffic on; Prosperity and Desuetude. Ship Canals: Sault Ste. Marie, Cape Cod, Panama -- Inducements for, Early Schemes, Routes -- Tehauntepec, Nicaragua, Others; French Participation -- DeLesseps’ Grant, Company Organized; Other Promotion Schemes; Indignation in the United States against Foreign Building Canal; DeLesseps begins Work; Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; Hay and Pauncefote Treaty; Commission Reports Favorably on Nicaraguan Route; French Company Bankrupt; Colombian Congress Refuses to Sell to the United States Control of the Canal Strip; Panamanian Revolution -- Roosevelt’s Part in Revolution; United States Secures Control of Canal Strip, Colombia Protests; Construction of Canal Begun; Description of Canal, Canal Traffic. River Transportation: Small Boats, Pole Boats, Large Boats, Rafts. Steamboat: Construction, Mississippi River Traffic, New Orleans Levee, Mississippi Steamboats and Steamboating; Steamboat Fares. Government Attitude toward River Improvement. John Fitch Granted a Right in New Jersey; Calhoun’s Activities, Monroe’s Attitude. National Aid for Internal Improvements. CHAPTER IV RAILROADS 99 Origin and Early Development. Optimism of Promoters. Early Locomotives. First Chartered Railroad -- Charleston and Hamburg, First Passenger Car on Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central, Camden and Amboy, New England Roads, West of Alleghanies, in the South. Rapid Growth in Railway Mileage. Call for Government Aid. Land Grants. Pacific Roads -- Congressional Discussion, Compromise Bills, Construction of Pacific Roads, Crédit Mobilier. Era of Railway Consolidation -- Typical Consolidations, Methods of Consolidating. Mechanical Development: Rails, Freight Cars, Locomotives, Gauge, Telegraph, Signals. The Evolution of the Sleeping Car. Street Car Service. Electric Traction -- Origin, Development. CHAPTER V THE MODERN WAGON ROAD 126