[12] “The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome,” by William Stearns Davis, The Macmillan Company, N. Y., pp. 95-105. [13] See “Mysterious Temples of the Jungle,” by W. F. Sands, and “Excavations at Quirigua, Guatemala” by S. T. Morley. _The National Geographic Magazine_, March, 1913. [14] See several excellent articles with illustrations on the explorations made in Peru by a joint expedition of Yale University and The National Geographic Society in _The National Geographic Magazine_, April, 1913, February, 1915, and May, 1916. [15] _Geographic Magazine_, May, 1916. CHAPTER II TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES; EARLY TRAILS AND ROADS The early settlements of this country were made upon the shores, naturally, because the settlers were brought by ships from Europe and supplies of various sorts were from time to time renewed by ships. The settlers were not skilled in the art of living on the country as were the natives and when supply vessels failed to put in their appearance there was real hardship in and sometimes entire extermination of the colonists. The penetration of settlement to the interior was slow and even to times within the memory of men now living much of the interior was an unknown wilderness. =The Birch Bark Canoe.=--Travel from place to place was at first insignificant and what little there was was carried on by walking, horseback riding, or by boat. Settlement, which had begun on the ocean or at the head of ocean navigation on inlets or rivers, was eventually pushed farther inland. The rivers and other waterways being at hand were utilized; the birch-bark canoe, the dugout, and the plank boat, furnished the principal vehicles of transportation. The Indians were very expert in the manufacture and operation of light birch-bark canoes. Longfellow in “Hiawatha” gives a poetical description of this: With his knife the tree he girdled; Just beneath its lowest branches, Just above the roots he cut it, Till the sap came oozing outward; Down the trunk from top to bottom, Sheer he cleft the bark asunder, With a wooden wedge he raised it Stripped it from the trunk unbroken. Then he explains how the framework is made of cedar: Like two bows he framed and shaped them, Like two bended bows together. After which they were tied together and the bark fastened to the frame by fibrous roots of the larch, then Hiawatha Took the resin of the fir tree Smeared therewith each seam and fissure, Made each crevice safe from water. The aborigine paddled this frail bark so skillfully that the noise of rowing was scarcely audible or the waves visible. And when he came to the headwaters of the stream he was able to raise the light craft above his head and follow the dim trail across the lower lying hills to the stream beyond the water-shed leading in the opposite direction.