CANADIAN JOURNALISM IN RELATION TO PERMANENT CANADIAN LITERATURE; A SUMMARY CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE CHIEF CANADIAN NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES. The question: Are Newspapers and Magazines literature? has various answers, negative and affirmative. There cannot be any doubt that Newspapers and Magazines can be literature, because they have been literature; or that Newspapers and Magazines promote literature, because they have done this. The fact is that the first journalism in English was at the very outset literature. _The Tatter_ and _The Spectator_ were founded in the years 1709 and 1711, respectively. _The Rambler_ was founded later. These periodicals, whose pages were the popular reading of the times, and whose pages were made ‘living epistles’ by the pens of Richard Steele, Joseph Addison, Samuel Johnson, and Oliver Goldsmith—four of the greatest prose writers of the 18th century—were the predecessors of the modern Newspaper. Their pages, especially those of _The Spectator_, combined the functions of a newspaper, a literary miscellany and a review of society, life, and world happenings. In particular, Joseph Addison was ‘the father’ of the modern newspaper ‘leader’ and ‘editorial’ and of the special article in theatrical and art criticism. Samuel Johnson was the inventor of the modern ‘society page’ and ‘woman’s page’ as we know them in our day. In short, Steele, Addison, Johnson, Goldsmith, Defoe and others of considerable literary reputation in the 18th century were the creators of England’s first ‘people’s literature’—a journalistic literature. Journalism and Magazine writing in Canada began with the same ideals of scope and literary dignity as obtained in the days of Addison and Johnson in England. The first newspaper to be established in any of the Provinces which later became confederated in the Canadian Union was _The Halifax Gazette_ which was established at Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1752; that is, 43 years after the founding of _The Tatler_. The first magazine to be established in Canada was published at Halifax in 1789 and was named _The Nova Scotia Magazine_. As a newspaper, however, _The Halifax Gazette_ was devoted chiefly to the publication of military and governmental intelligence. It was not till Joseph Howe purchased _The Novascotian_, at Halifax, in 1828, that journalism in Canada harked back to the ideals of _The Tatler_ and _The Spectator_. Joseph Howe must be regarded as the first and foremost literary, as well as practical, journalist in the history of Canada.