Transcriber’s Notes Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations in hyphenation have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged. Italics are represented thus _italic_, and superscripts thus y^{en}. On page 168, 2nd paragraph of Chapter XIX, refers to a Papal Bull promulgated by Pope Clement VII in 1860. This has been corrected to Pope Clement VIII who was pope when the Bull was promulgated in 1600. Volume II contains a complete index to both volumes. This has been copied into this volume. “JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS” A HANDBOOK OF OLD JAPAN I _Uniform with this Work_ A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN. By ERNEST W. CLEMENT. With two maps and seventy-two illustrations from photographs. _Sixth edition._ Price, $1.40 _net._ A. C. MCCLURG & CO. _Chicago_ [Illustration: IMAGE OF DATE MASAMUNE] HILDRETH’S “JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS” A HANDBOOK OF OLD JAPAN EDITED, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES, BY ERNEST W. CLEMENT AUTHOR OF “A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN,” ETC. INTRODUCTION BY WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS _With One Hundred Illustrations and Maps_ VOLUME I [Illustration: A·C·M^cCLURG & CO] CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG & CO. 1906 COPYRIGHT A. C. MCCLURG & CO. 1906 Published September 29, 1906 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. CONTENTS VOLUME I. PAGE “ADVERTISEMENT” TO ORIGINAL EDITION. RICHARD HILDRETH xiii EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION ERNEST W. CLEMENT xix FOREWORD WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS xxv JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION xxxi CHAPTER I Earliest European Knowledge of Japan—Japanese Histories—Marco Polo’s Account of the Mongol or Tartar Invasion—Accounts of the Same Event given by the Chinese and Japanese Annalists—A. D. 1281 or 1283 1 CHAPTER II Portuguese Empire in the East—Discovery of Japan—Galvano’s Account of it—Fernam Mendez Pinto’s Account of his First Visit to Japan, and Adventures there—Japanese Account of the First Arrival of Portuguese—A. D. 1542-1545 11 CHAPTER III