362. Three of these to a white mustard seed, three of these to a barley seed of middle size, three of these to a Krishṇala berry,[35] five of these to a Másha,[36] sixteen of these to a Suvarṇa.[37] 363. A Pala is four or five[38] Suvarṇas. Two Krishṇalas are a silver Másha; sixteen of the latter, a Dharaṇa. 364. A Śatamána and a Pala are each equal to ten Dharaṇas: a Nishka is four Suvarṇas: a copper Paṇa is of the weight of a Karsha.[39] 365. One thousand and eighty Paṇas is declared the highest fine; half of that amount the medium fine; and half of this the lowest fine. 366. Reproof, words of ignominy, fine, and death,[40] shall be administered, singly or together, according to the crime.[41] 367. [The monarch] having informed himself of the crime, the place where, and the time when [committed], the strength [of the criminal, his] age, calling, and means, shall cause punishment to fall upon the guilty.[42] ∵ The foregoing extracts, it will have been observed, are of general application, and do not refer to any part of the law in detail. Several slokas in the first book, however, and some in the third, do refer to and affect the details of law, which are the proper subject of the second book, where therefore they are inserted, according to their subject. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 10: This is the general subject and title of the first book; but the following slokas are selected as introductory of and with reference to civil and municipal law.] [Footnote 11: Pre-eminent, divine sages; probably the great Rishis, the first-created of Brahmá, mentioned in the opening verse of Manu. In the third book (sl. 186--189) two classes of Munis are described, of whom one, after blessed experience of Heaven, return to Earth, and the other are to continue in the abodes of bliss until the destruction of the universe. These latter are the publishers of the Vedas, Upanishads, Sútras, Puráṇas, in fine of all records of knowledge through the medium of language.] [Footnote 12: These (according to Hindu notions) have withdrawn their senses from external things by, as it were, mental concentration, fixing the thoughts, without change or wavering, upon the soul in its relations with the Supreme Being.] [Footnote 13: _viz._--the _brahmachári_, the student of the Vedas, the _grihastha_, the head of a family. the _vánaprastha_, who has retired from active life, to the forest. the _sanyásí_, whose duty it is to pass his time in meditating upon Brahmá, so as to attain to the state of a Yogí.] [Footnote 14: _i. e._ the mixed casts. (_M._)] [Footnote 15: Manu, ch. 2, sl. 23.] [Footnote 16: The Commentator explains this by a word which signifies cause or source.] [Footnote 17: IV. _Vedas_, of which there are four, each being divided into _sanhitá_ and _bráhmaṇa._ V. _Puráṇas_, these (of which there are 18) treat of the origin and destruction of the world, mythological stories and genealogies, and the doings of the early Hindu monarchs.