Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 2Eliot, Charles
Religion
Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 2
Eliot, Charles
Asia -- Religion; Buddhism; Hinduism
He was succeeded by Râmânuja, a great name in Indian theology both as
the organizer of a most important sect and, if not the founder,[580]
at least the accepted exponent of the Viśishṭâdvaita philosophy.
Râmânuja was born at Śrîperum-budur[581] near Madras, where he is
still commemorated by a celebrated shrine. As a youth he studied
Śivaite philosophy at Conjeevaram but abandoned it for Vishnuism. He
appears to have been a good administrator. He made the definitive
collection of the hymns of the Âr̤vârs and is said to have founded 700
maṭhs and 89 hereditary abbotships, for he allowed the members of his
order to marry. He visited northern India, including Kashmir if
tradition may be believed, but his chief residence was Śrîrangam.
Towards the end of the eleventh century however, the hostility of the
Chola King Kulottunga, who was an intolerant Śivaite, forced him to
retire to Mysore. Here he was protected by King Viṭṭala Deva whom he
converted from Jainism and on the death of Kulottunga in 1118 he
returned to Śrîrangam where he ended his days. In the temple there his
tomb and a shrine where his image receives divine honours may still be
seen. His best known work[582] is the Śrî Bhâshya or commentary on the
Vedânta sûtras.
The sect which he founded is known as the Śrî Sampradâya and its
members as the Śrî Vaishṇavas. As among the Śivaites revelation is
often supposed to be made by Śiva through Śakti, so here the Lord is
said to have revealed the truth to his consort Śrî or Lakshmî, she to
a demigod called Visvaksena, and he to Namm'âr̤vâr, from whom Râmânuja
was eighth in spiritual descent. Though the members of the sect are
sometimes called Ramaites the personality of Râma plays a small part
in their faith, especially as expounded by Râmânuja. As names for the
deity he uses Nârâyaṇa and Vâsudeva and he quotes freely from the
Bhagavad-gîtâ and the Vishṇu Purâṇa. Compared with the emotional
deism of Caitanya this faith seems somewhat philosophic and reticent.
Râmânuja clearly indicates its principal points in the first words of
his Śrî Bhâshya. "May my mind be filled with devotion towards the
highest Brahman, the abode of Lakshmî; who is luminously revealed in
the Upanishads: who in sport produces, sustains and reabsorbs the
entire universe: whose only aim is to foster the manifold classes of
beings that humbly worship him."[583] He goes on to say that his
teaching is that of the Upanishads, "which was obscured by the mutual
conflict of manifold opinions," and that he follows the commentary of
Bodhâyana and other teachers who have abridged it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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