[Footnote 469: Chavannes, _Les documents chinois découverts par Aurel Stein_, 1913.] [Footnote 470: See especially Chavannes and Pelliot, "Traité Manichéen" in _J.A._ 1911 and 1913.] [Footnote 471: Hsüan Chuang notes its existence however in Kabul and Kapiśa.] [Footnote 472: See for these Fergusson-Burgess, _History of Indian Architecture_, I. pp. 125-8.] [Footnote 473: _J.R.A.S._ 1909, p. 313.] [Footnote 474: _E.g._ Grünwedel, _Altbuddhistische Kultstätten_, fig. 624.] [Footnote 475: Stein, _Ancient Khotan_, plates xiii-xvii and xl, pp. 83 and 482 ff.] [Footnote 476: See Grünwedel, _Buddh. Kultstätten_, pp. 129-130 and plate. Foucher, "L'Art Gréco-Bouddhique," p. 145, _J.R.A.S._ 1886, 333 and plate i.] [Footnote 477: See Wachsberger's "Stil-kritische Studien zur Kunst Chinesisch-Turkestan's" in _Ostasiatische Ztsft._ 1914 and 1915.] [Footnote 478: See Grünwedel, _Buddh. Kultstätten_, pp. 332 ff.] [Footnote 479: _Ancient Khotan_, vol. II. plates lx and lxi.] [Footnote 480: Le Coq in _J.R.A.S._ 1909, pp. 299 ff. See the whole article.] [Footnote 481: For some of the more striking drawings referred to see Grünwedel, _Buddh. Kultstätten_, figs. 51, 53, 239, 242, 317, 337, 345-349.] [Footnote 482: In _Geog. Journal_, May 1916, p. 362.] [Footnote 483: Chavannes, _Documents chinois découverts par Aurel Stein_, 1913.] [Footnote 484: These of course are not the Osmanlis or Turks of Constantinople. The Osmanlis are the latest of the many branches of the Turks, who warred and ruled in Central Asia with varying success from the fifth to the eighth centuries.] [Footnote 485: That is Kashgar, Khotan, Kucha and Tokmak for which last Karashahr was subsequently substituted. The territory was also called An Hsi.] [Footnote 486: See for lists and details Chavannes, _Documents sur les Tou-kiue Occidentaux_, pp. 67 ff. and 270 ff.] [Footnote 487: The conquest and organization of the present Chinese Turkestan dates only from the reign of Ch'ien Lung.] [Footnote 488: Thus the pilgrim Wu-K'ung mentions Chinese officials in the Four Garrisons.] [Footnote 489: See for this part of their history, Grenard's article in _J.A._ 1900, I. pp. 1-79.] [Footnote 490: Pelliot also attributes importance to a Sogdian Colony to the south of Lob Nor, which may have had much to do with the transmission of Buddhism and Nestorianism to China. See _J.A._ Jan. 1916, pp. 111-123.] [Footnote 491: These words have been connected with the tribe called Sacae, Sakas, or Sök.] [Footnote 492: See Klaproth, _Tabl. Historique_, p. 166, apparently quoting from Chinese sources. Specht, _J.A._ 1897, II. p. 187. Franke, _Beitr.-zur Kenntniss Zentral-Asiens_, p. 83. The passage quoted by Specht from the Later Han Annals clearly states that the Yüeh-chih made a man of their own choosing prince of Kashgar, although, as Franke points out, it makes no reference to Kanishka or the story of the hostages related by Hsüan Chuang.]