[Footnote 493: Fa-Hsien's Chieh-ch'a has been interpreted as Skardo, but Chavannes seems to have proved that it is Kashgar.] [Footnote 494: About 643 A.D. He mentions that the inhabitants tattooed their bodies, flattened their children's heads and had green eyes. Also that they spoke a peculiar language.] [Footnote 495: At Bamian the monks belonged to the Lokottaravâdin School.] [Footnote 496: Beal, _Records_, II. p. 278. The pilgrim is speaking from hearsay and it is not clear to what part of Persia he refers.] [Footnote 497: See Chavannes, _Documents sur les Tou-kiue Occidentaux_, pp. 121, 125. The inhabitants of K'ang (Samarkand or Sogdiana) are said to honour both religions. _Ib_. p. 135.] [Footnote 498: Known to the Chinese by several slightly different names such as Ku-chih, Kiu-tse which are all attempts to represent the same sound. For Kucha see S. Lévi's most interesting article "Le 'Tokharien B' langue de Koutcha" in _J.A._ 1913, II. pp. 311 ff.] [Footnote 499: _J.A._ 1913, ii. p. 326.] [Footnote 500: See Chavannes in Stein's _Ancient Khotan_, p. 544. The Western Tsin reigned 265-317.] [Footnote 501: The circumstances which provoked the expedition are not very clear. It was escorted by the king of Turfan and other small potentates who were the vassals of the Tsin and also on bad terms with Kucha. They probably asked Fu-chien for assistance in subduing their rival which he was delighted to give. Some authorities (_e.g._ Nanjio Cat. p. 406) give Karashahr as the name of Kumârajîva's town, but this seems to be a mistake.] [Footnote 502: S. Lévi, _J.A._ 1913, ii. p. 348, quoting Hsü Kao Sêng Chuan.] [Footnote 503: Quoted by S. Lévi from the _Sung Kao Sêng Chuan_. See _J.A._ 1913, II. p. 344 and _B.E.F.E.O._ 1904, p. 562.] [Footnote 504: As a proof of foreign influence in Chinese culture, it is interesting to note that there were seven orchestras for the imperial banquets, including those of Kucha, Bokhara and India and a mixed one in which were musicians from Samarkand, Kashgar, Camboja and Japan.] [Footnote 505: Quoted by Bretschneider, _Mediaeval Researches_, ii. 189.] [Footnote 506: Pelliot, _J.A._ 1912, i. p. 579, suggests that Chotscho or Qoco is the Turkish equivalent of Kao Ch'ang in T'ang pronunciation, the nasal being omitted.] [Footnote 507: Chavannes, _Tou-kiue Occidentaux_, p. 101.] [Footnote 508: For the history of Khotan see Rémusat, _Ville de Khotan_, 1820, and Stein's great work _Ancient Khotan_, especially chapter vii. For the Tibetan traditions see Rockhill, _Life of the Buddha_, pp. 230 ff.] [Footnote 509: Ku-stana seems to have been a learned perversion of the name, to make it mean breast of the earth.] [Footnote 510: The combination is illustrated by the Sino-Kharoshthî coins with a legend in Chinese on the obverse and in Prakrit on the reverse. See Stein, _Ancient Khotan_, p. 204. But the coins are later than 73 A.D.]