3. The accents and diacritical marks in official use by the above countries will be retained. Wherever it appears desirable, the pronunciation will be shown by giving the name as transliterated on the system below. 4. All other place-names throughout the world will (with the exception of “Conventional” names and some others) be spelled in general accordance with the following system, which is based upon, and differs only slightly from, the system long used by the Royal Geographical Society, from which are derived the War Office system, 1906,[21] and the system of the Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, 1917.[22] The broad features of this system are— (_a_) That vowels are pronounced as in Italian and consonants as in English; (_b_) That every letter is pronounced, and no redundant letters are used. The system aims at giving a close approximation to the _local_ pronunciation; but it is recognised that in some languages, notably Russian, Greek, and Arabic, the necessity for letter-for-letter transliteration often renders this impossible. TABLE OF SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION R.G.S. II. a Long and short, as in _lāvă_ Somāli, Bukhāră.[*] ä As in _fat_; rare; chiefly in Teutonic languages. ai[‡] The sound of the two Italian vowels; frequently slurred over, almost as in Eng. _aisle_, _ice_ Wadai; Shanghai. au The two Italian vowels; frequently slurred, almost as _ou_ in _out_ Sakau; Bauchi. aw When followed by a consonant, or when terminal, as in _awl_, _law_ Dawna, Saginaw. b As in English. c Not to be used, but always replaced by Kandahar, Serang. _k_ or _s_; except in the compound _ch_, and in many conventionally spelt words, as Calcutta, Celébes. ch As in _church_; never _tch_ or _tsch_ for this sound Chad, Maroch. d[†][‡] As in English. dh Soft _th_ as in _they_: a slight _d_ sound preceding it in Semitic languages Dhuvu, Riyadh. e[‡] Long as in _eh_; short as in _bet_. (For the _e_ sound in the French _je_, see note at end on the “neutral vowel”) Gēlo; Mafĕking.[*] (ee) Used for _i_ (q.v.) only in a few conventional names Darjeeling, Keelung. ei[‡] The two Italian vowels, frequently slurred Beirut, Raheita. (eu) Not used as a single sound. f As in English; _ph_ must not be used for this sound (except in Greek; see _ph_) Mustafa, Maidan-i-Naftun. g Hard, as in _get, gift_; never as in _gem, gin_ Gedáref, Gilgit. gh Soft guttural, the Arabic _ghain_ غ Dagh, Baghdad.