h Used only when sounded; or in the compounds _ch_, _dh_, _gh_, _kh_, _sh_, _th_, _zh_ Vrh, Ahmadabad. i Long as in _marine_; short as in _piano_ (not as in _pin_) Fiji; Kibonde.[*] j As in English; except in transliteration of Russian, Bulgarian, and Chinese, where it equals _zh_, or the French _j_[§] Japan, Ujiji (Eng. _j_); but Jitómir, Jelezna, Jao-ping (Fr. _j_). k As in English: hard _c_ should never be used (except in conventionally-spelt words)—thus, not Corea, Cabul, but Korea, Kabul. kh Hard aspirated guttural, as in the Scottish _loch_ (not as in _lock_) Khan, Sebkha. l[†] } m } As in English. n[†] } ng Has three separate sounds, as in _vanguard_, _finger_, and _singer_. If necessary to distinguish, a hyphen may be placed, as in _van-guard_, _sing-er_ In-gássana; Bongo; Ng-ami, Tong-a. o Long as in _both_[¶]; short as in _rotund_ Angōla, Kigōma; Angŏra, Hŏnŏlulu.[*] ö As in German; equals the French _eu_ in _peu_; or nearly the English sound in _fur_ Gömle, Yeniköi. (oo) Used for _u_ (q.v.) only in a few conventional names, chiefly Chinese Poona, Foochow. oi[‡] The Italian vowels: sometimes slurred as in _oil_. If necessary for pronunciation, a hyphen may be inserted as in Tro-itskoi. ou[‡] Dissyllabic, and not as French or English _ou_ Zlatoust. ow Represents, as a diphthong, nearly the _au_ sound (above) only in the romanisation of Chinese. Conventional. p As in English. ph As in _loophole_; not to be used for the _f_-sound, except in Greek or conventionally Chemulpho; Paphos, Haiphong. q Represents _only_ the Arabic Qaf (ق): i.e. a guttural _k_ Qena, ʿIraq. qu Should never be employed to represent the sound of _kw_: thus, not Namaqua, Quorra, but Namakwa, Kworra. r[†] As in English; should be distinctly pronounced. s As English ss in _boss_, not as in _these_ or _pleasure_ Rosario, Masikesi. sh } t[†] } As in English. th Hard _th_ as in _thick_, not as in _this_ Tharmida.