u[‡] Long as in _rude_, or as _oo_ in _boot_; short as in _pull_ Zūlū; Rŭanda.[*] ü Represents the French _u_, as in _tu_ (Fr.) Üsküb. v } w } As in English. x } y Always a consonant, as in _yard_; it should Kikuyu, Maya. not be used as a terminal vowel, _e_ or _i_ being substituted; _e.g._, not Kwaly or Wady, but Kwale, Wadi. z As in _gaze_, not as in _azure_. zh As the _s_ in _treasure_, the _z_ in _azure_, or the French _j_ in _je_; but for the sound in Russian, Bulgarian, and Chinese use _j_ (_vide_ note above under _j_) Zhob, Azhdaha. NOTES. The doubling of a vowel or a consonant is only necessary when there is a distinct repetition of the single sound, and should otherwise be avoided Nuulua, Loolmalasin, Jidda, Muhammad. Accents should not generally be employed; but in order to indicate or emphasise the stress, an acute accent may be used Saráwak, Qántara, Tong-atábu, Paraná. A long or short mark over a vowel (_e.g._ _ā_, _ŏ_) should only be used (and that sparingly) when without it there would be danger of mispronunciation Kūt, Hashīn, Angŏra. Hyphens will not be used except to indicate pronunciation, and with the Persian _izafat_, _-i-_ Mus-hil; Pusht-i-Kuh. [*] The long and short symbols given in this column are merely for explanation, not for use. [†] See note at end on _Liquid sounds_. [‡] Pronounced differently in Greek: see ‘Alphabets of Foreign Languages transcribed into English according to the R.G.S. II system’ (to be published in the R.G.S. Technical Series). [§] This decision has been arrived at chiefly owing to the large number of English (and French) maps of these countries in which the _zh_ sound appears as _j_. [¶] The true Italian _ō_ is broader than this: almost as in _broth_. _Inverted Comma and Apostrophe._—The inverted comma ʿ is employed only to represent the Arabic _ʿain_, ع, and the Hebrew _ʿayin_, ע. The apostrophe ’ in foreign words indicates a liquid sound. (See below.) _Liquid Sounds._—The occasional “liquid” or “palatalised” sound of _d_, _l_, _n_, _r_, _t_, etc. (as in _d’you_, _lure_, _new_, _clarion_, _tune_), is as a rule sufficiently represented by a following _y_; where, however, owing to a following consonant, or to the letter in question coming at the end of a word, the _y_ is inapplicable, the liquid sound will be represented by an apostrophe, thus: _d’_, _l’_, _n’_, _r’_, _t’_, etc.