Newspapers, as historical sources, 29-32, 83-97; use by Von Holst, 29; as registers of facts, 30, 86-89; importance for dates, 30, 87; as guide of public opinion, 31, 89-92; power of _New York Weekly Tribune_, 31, 90, 91, 267-269; qualities of evidence, 83, 84; value in American history, for period 1850-1860, 85-92; and correction of logical assumptions, 87-89; as record of speeches and letters, 89; value of partisanship, 91; value of Northern, for Civil War period, 92, 93; of Southern, 93; laboriousness of research, 93; value for Reconstruction, 94; canons of use, 96; as fourth estate, 96; criticisms of Presidents, 239. _See also Nation_. Niebuhr, B. G., on Gibbon, 10, 109; on training of historian, 29. North, Sir Thomas, translation of Plutarch, 1. Norton, C. E., on Godkin, 270; and foundation of _The Nation_, 273, 274. Note-making in historical work, 76. Nullification, Jackson's course, 210. "Official Records of Union and Confederate armies," value as historical source, 92. "Ohio idea," 259. Oliver, J. M., at burning of Columbia, 313. Olmsted, F. L., Godkin on Southern books, 273; interest in _The Nation_, 274; on importance of Godkin to it, 275. Olney, Richard, draft general arbitration treaty, 226. Originality in history, 27-29, 34, 75. Oxford University, address of author at, 169. Pacific Coast, Goethe's prophecy, 71. Packard, S. B., overthrow of government, 248, 249. Palmerston, Lord, Spencer Walpole's estimate, 164. Panama Canal, Goethe's prophecy, 72. Paper money. _See_ Finances. Parkman, Francis, originality, 28; best work, 68; remuneration, 78; national pride in, 102; and religion, 131; on _The Nation_, 270, 295. Partisanship, historical value of newspaper, 83, 91. Pascal, Blaise, influence on Gibbon, 119. Pasteur, Louis, biography, 59. Patriotism in historians, 22. Pericles, funeral oration, 18, 23. Philippines, annexation and Monroe Doctrine, 195; McKinley's attitude, 233; Godkin's attitude, 286. Physical sciences, and history, 2; and training of historian, 55-59. Pierce, E. L., essay on, 177-181; biography of Sumner, 177-179; as politician and citizen, 179, 181; historic sense, 179; character, 180; interest in Massachusetts Historical Society, 181. Pierce, Franklin, as President, 213. Pike, J. S., historical value of newspaper articles, 31. Pittsburg, railroad riot of 1877, 252, 253. Pliny the Younger, on Tacitus, 9. Plutarch, North's translation, 1; on Thucydides, 19. Poetry, and history, 1. Politics, Godkin on decline, 296, 297. _See also_ Civil service, Congress, Elections, Newspapers, Presidential office, and parties by name. Polk, J. K., as President, 211. Polybius, as historian, 6. Popularity, and historical writing, 44.