Presidential office, essay on, 203-241; flexibility of powers and duties, 204; under Washington, control of treaties, 205-207; John Adams to J. Q. Adams, extension of power, 207-209; and annexations, 208; and Monroe Doctrine, 209; under Jackson, era of vulgarity, spoils system, 209-211; Van Buren to Buchanan, annexations and slavery, 211-213; period of weakness, 213; under Lincoln, war power, 213-216; under Johnson, nadir, 216; and cabinet government, 217, 240, 263; under Grant, 217-219, 262; veto power, 219; Kent on dangers in elections, 219; contested election of 1876, 219, 254; under Hayes, 220-222, 245-264; under Garfield, civil service reform, 222; under Arthur, 222; under Cleveland, advance in power, 223-226; under Harrison, 226-228; under McKinley, 229-234; and public opinion, 231-234; character of Roosevelt, 235; business, interruptions and their remedy, 236-239; appointments, number of presidential offices, 236; contact with Congress, 237; criticisms, 238-240; success of system, 240-241. Pritchett, H. S., on McKinley and Philippines, 233. Public opinion, newspapers as guide, 31, 89-92; backing of Lincoln's extra-legal actions, 215; influence on Presidents, 231-234. Puritans, Macaulay and Gardiner on character, 318. Pym, John, and Revolution of 1688, 323. Railroad riots, 1894, Cleveland and use of Federal troops, 225; 1877, cause, 251; strike and conflicts, 253; use of Federal troops, 253; social alarm, 254; conduct of Hayes, 254. Ranke, Leopold von, "England," 143. Raymond, H. J., power as journalist, 90. Reading, desultory, 64, 65, 199; facility and retention, 69; note-making, 76. Reconstruction, newspapers as historical source, 94, 95; J. D. Cox's opposition to negro suffrage, 186; failure, final withdrawal of troops, 248, 249; attitude of _The Nation_, 282. Reed, T. B., and power of Speaker, 227. Reflection in historical work, 37. Reform act of 1832, Lord John Russell's introduction, 162. Religion, Gibbon on, under Pagan empire, 126; Gibbon's treatment of early Christian church, 131-133. Republican party, newspapers as record of formation, 90; and sound money, 227, 257. Resumption of specie payments, opposition and success, 258, 259. Revolution of 1688, question of Cromwell's influence, 322, 323. Riots. _See_ Railroad. Robertson, William, present-day reputation, 40, 111; Gibbon on, 122. Rome. _See_ Gibbon, Tacitus. Roosevelt, Theodore, character, 235; routine as President, 236, 238. Ropes, J. C., as military historian, 13. _Round Table_, character, 279. Rousseau, J. J., on Gibbon as lover, 137. Russell, Lord John, and Reform Act of 1832, 162; Spencer Walpole's biography, 162.