[5] Life of Gladstone, II, 181. [6] III, 51. [7] Talks with Emerson, 23. [8] My Vol. II, 142, n. 2. [9] Curtis, I, 250. [10] _Ibid._, I, 252. [11] Miscellanies, I, 275. [12] Exam. of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy, II, 310, 311. [13] Gladstone, I, 195. [14] p. 142. [15] Trevelyan, I, 91. [16] Froude, II, 317. [17] Nichol, 20. [18] Talks with Emerson, 162. [19] Trevelyan, I, 379, 387, 409. [20] Froude, III, 64, 65. [21] _Ibid._, II, 385; III, 59. [22] _Ibid._, III, 73. [23] English Composition, 158. [24] Letters of Jane Carlyle, II, 31. [25] Froude's Carlyle, IV, 125. [26] Causeries du Lundi, XV, 95. [27] Froude, II, 19. [28] Dramatic Opinions, II, 53. [29] "Time hath, my lord, a wallet at his back Wherein he puts alms for oblivion, A great-sized monster of ingratitudes:" etc. [30] Trevelyan, II, 388, n. [31] Eng. trans., 236. [32] _Ibid._, 115. [33] Nouveaux Lundis, III, 265. [34] Eng. trans., 222. [35] Nouveaux Lundis, III, 328. [36] Enc. Brit. [37] Balzac, 309. [38] Brander Matthews, _Cent. Mag._, 1901. [39] Letter of April 4, 1864, _Harper's Mag._, June, 1889. [40] I speak of the first four volumes. [41] _L.c._ [42] p. 103. [43] New Letters, II, 11. [44] Life, II, 345. NEWSPAPERS AS HISTORICAL SOURCES A paper read before the American Historical Association in Washington on December 29, 1908; printed in the _Atlantic Monthly_, May, 1909. NEWSPAPERS AS HISTORICAL SOURCES The impulse of an American writer in justifying the use of newspapers as historical materials is to adopt an apologetic tone. It is somewhat curious that such should be the case, for newspapers satisfy so many canons of historical evidence. They are contemporary, and, being written without knowledge of the end, cannot bolster any cause without making a plain showing of their intent. Their object is the relation of daily events; and if their relation is colored by honest or dishonest partisanship, this is easily discernible by the critic from the internal evidence and from an easily acquired knowledge of a few external facts. As the journals themselves say, their aim is to print the news; and much of the news is present politics. Moreover, the newspaper itself, its news and editorial columns, its advertisements, is a graphic picture of society.