"As to what became of the inhabitants of this place, as well as those of Abo and Quarrá to the north-west,--towns that are coeval with the Gran Quivira,--we can only conjecture. The most reasonable conclusion that can be arrived at is that they were exterminated by the Spaniards upon their reoccupation of the country. Though history is silent as to the complete operations of the Spaniards upon their return to New Mexico, yet it is a fact established by documentary evidence that a relentless war was waged against the Indians, and a number of tribes are spoken of as being engaged in certain battles, of which tribes we know nothing at the present day; and in some instances it is stated that some tribes sued for peace, and promised obedience to the rule of the conquerors, for which they received grants of lands that they at present occupy. The inhabitants of Gran Quivira, Abo, and Quarro would be among the first that the Spaniards would meet on their reoccupation of the country, and there is every reason to believe that they were exterminated by the incensed invaders." [1] _Las siete cuevas_: in Nahuatl _Chicomoztoc_, from _chicome_, seven, and _oztoc_, cave. Alonzo de Molina, _Vocabulario Mexicano_, 1571, parte iia. pp. 20 and 78. Fray Juan de Tobar, _Codice Ramirez_, p. 18. [2] Fray Diego Durán, _Historia de las Yndias de Nueva-España, é Islas de Tierra Firme_, cap. i. p. 8; _Codex Vaticanus_, Kingsborough, vols. i., ii., vi.; _Anales de Cuauhtitlan: Anales del Museo Nacional de México_, tom. i. entrega 7, p. 7 of 2d vol., but incorporated in the first. "I acatl ipan quizque Chicomoztoc in Chichimeca omitoa moternuh in imitoloca." [3] _Historia de los Indios de la Nueva-España, in Coleccion de Documentos para la Historia de México_, by J. G. Icazbalceta, vol. i. p. 7. [4] _Segunda Relacion Anónima de la Jornada de Nuño de Guzman, in Coleccion de Documentos_, etc., vol. ii. p. 303. [5] The early literature on this subject will only be fully known when the remarkable collection called _Libro de Oro_ shall have been published by Señor Icazbalceta, its meritorious owner. This valuable collection of manuscripts dates from the sixteenth century, and contains, besides a number of official reports on local matters of Mexico and districts pertaining to it, the chronicles of the tezcucan Juan Bautista Pomar, a copy of Motolinia, and a number of MSS. written between 1529 and 1547 at the instance of the much-abused Bishop Zumárraga. These MSS. contain the results of the earliest investigations on Mexican history and tradition.