[244] _Laws of Manu_, iv. 80, 81. [245] _Ibid._ viii. 379. [246] _Ibid._ viii. 380. [247] _Ibid._ viii. 381. [248] _Ibid._ iv. 147. [249] _Laws of Manu_, xi. 247. [250] _Ibid._ iv. 148. [251] Even the sudra is not shut out from this hope. If he be pure, the faithful servant of his betters, gentle in his speech and free from pride, he will at death be reborn into a higher caste (_Laws of Manu_, ix. 335). [252] _Laws of Manu_, xi. 60, 69, 71, 72, 132–138, 140–142, 144. Especially severe is the penance imposed for killing a cow. See _Ibid._ xi. 109–117. [253] _Ibid._ vi. 68. [254] _Ibid._ vi. 69. [255] It is better, however, to abstain wholly from the use of meat, since this can be obtained only through pain to sentient beings (_Laws of Manu_, v. 48). There is no sin in eating meat, “but abstention brings great rewards” (_Ibid._ v. 56). [256] _Laws of Manu_, v. 40. [257] _Ibid._ v. 45. [258] _Ibid._ vii. 101. [259] _Ibid._ vii. 103. [260] _Laws of Manu_, vii. 90–93, 104. [261] _Ibid._ viii. 84. [262] _Ibid._ v. 106. [263] _Ibid._ xi. 231. [264] _Ibid._ vi. 48. [265] _Ibid._ viii. 312. [266] _Laws of Manu_, viii. 313. [267] Gautama or Buddha, “The Enlightened,” the founder of Buddhism, died about B.C. 480. Long before he began his teachings moral reform was in the air in India. Many reforming sects came into existence. The most important of these was the sect of the Jains. The central teaching of Jainism is the sacredness of all life, and its first and chief commandment, Do no harm to any living thing. Its spirit of universal benevolence left a deep impress not only upon Buddhism but also upon later Hinduism. [268] _Dhammapada_ (Sacred Books of the East, 2d ed., vol. x), xiv. 190, 191. Cf. Oldenberg, _Buddha_ (1882), p. 209. [269] Oldenberg, _Buddha_, p. 286. [270] Cf. Rhys Davids, _Hibbert Lectures_ (1881), p. 21; Hopkins, _The Religions of India_ (1895), pp. 316 f. [271] Oldenberg, _Buddha_ (1882), p. 220. [272] _Dhammapada_, xx. 283. This doctrine that peace and contentment of mind come through suppression of desire was also the teaching of the Greek Cynics. [273] “No sentient being can tell in what state the karma that he possesses will appoint his next birth, though he may be now, and continue to be until death, one of the most meritorious of men. In that karma may be the crime of murder, committed many ages ago, but not yet expiated; and in the next existence its punishment may have to be endured. There will ultimately be a reward for that which is good, but it may be long delayed. It acts like an hereditary disease.”--HARDY, _Manual of Buddhism_ (1880), p. 411.