EMESSA. Capture by the Arabs (A. D. 636). See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 632-639. ÉMIGRÉS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. See FRANCE: A. D. 1789-1791; 1791 (JULY-SEPTEMBER); and 1791-1792. EMITES, The. See JEWS: EARLY HEBREW HISTORY. EMMAUS, Battle of. Defeat of a Syrian army under Gorgias by Judas Maccabæus, B. C. 166. Josephus, Antiquity of the Jews, book 12, chapter 7. EMMENDINGEN, Battle of. See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER). . EMMET INSURRECTION, The. See IRELAND: A. D. 1801-1803. EMPEROR. A title derived from the Roman title Imperator. See IMPERATOR. EMPORIA, The. See CARTHAGE, THE DOMINION OF. ENCOMIENDAS. See SLAVERY, MODERN: OF THE INDIANS; also, REPARTIMIENTOS. ENCUMBERED ESTATES ACT, The. See IRELAND: A. D. 1843-1848. ENCYCLICAL AND SYLLABUS OF 1864, The. See PAPACY: A. D. 1864. ENCYCLOPÆDISTS, The. "French literature had never been so brilliant as in the second half of the 18th century. Buffon, Diderot, D'Alembert, Rousseau, Duclos, Condillac, Helvetius, Holbach, Raynal, Condorcet, Mably, and many others adorned it, and the 'Encyclopædia,' which was begun in 1751 under the direction of Diderot, became the focus of an intellectual influence which has rarely been equalled. The name and idea were taken from a work published by Ephraim Chambers in Dublin, in 1728. A noble preliminary discourse was written by D'Alembert; and all the best pens in France were enlisted in the enterprise, which was constantly encouraged and largely assisted by Voltaire. Twice it was suppressed by authority, but the interdict was again raised. Popular favour now ran with an irresistible force in favour of the philosophers, and the work was brought to its conclusion in 1771." W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the 18th Century, chapter. 20 (volume 5). ALSO IN: _J. Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopædists, chapter 5 (volume 1)._ _E. J. Lowell, The Eve of the French Revolution, chapter 16._ ENDICOTT, John, and the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1623-1629, and after. ENDIDJAN, Battle of (1876). See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876. ENGADINE, The. See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1396-1499. ENGEN, Battle of (1800). See FRANCE: A. D. 1800-1801 (MAY-FEBRUARY). ENGERN, Duchy of. See SAXONY: THE OLD DUCHY. ENGHIEN, Duc d', The abduction and execution of. See FRANCE: 1804-1805. ENGLAND: Before the coming of the English. The Celtic and Roman periods. See BRITAIN. ENGLAND: A. D.449-547. The three tribes of the English conquest. The naming of the country.