TUSCANY: A. D. 1814-1815. Restored to Ferdinand III. See VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF; and ITALY: A. D. 1814-1815. TUSCANY: A. D. 1848-1849. Revolution. Expulsion of the Grand Duke. Proclamation of a Republic and union with Rome. The old order restored. See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849. TUSCANY: A. D. 1859-1861. Flight of the Grand Duke. Formation of a provisional government. Annexation to Sardinia. Absorption in the new Kingdom of Italy. See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859; and 1859-1861. ----------TUSCANY: End-------- TUSCARORAS, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY, and IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH. TUSCULAN VILLAS. "In Cicero's time the number of country-houses which a wealthy Roman considered it necessary to possess had evidently become considerable, and the amount spent upon them very great. The orator himself had villas at Tusculum, Antium, Formiæ, Bairn, and Pompeii, besides his town-house on the Palatine, and his family seat at Arpinum. … The Tusculanum of Cicero had formerly been in the possession of Sylla. … Close to the Villa of Cicero, and so near that he could go across to fetch books from the library, was the Villa of Lucullus. … Many other Roman villas, lay on the Tusculan hills." _R. Burn, Rome and the Campagna, chapter 14, part 3._ TUSCULUM. "In the times of the Latin League, from the fall of Alba to the battle of Lake Regillus, Tusculum was the most prominent town in Latium. It suffered, like the other towns in Latium, a complete eclipse during the later Republic and the Imperial times; but in the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries, under the Counts of Tusculum, it became again a place of great importance and power, no less than seven popes of the house of Tusculum having sat in the chair of St. Peter." The ruins of Tusculum, about fifteen miles from Rome, on the Alban hills, have been considerably explored. _R. Burn, Rome and the Campagna, chapter 14, part 2._ See, also, ALBA. TUTELOES, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY. TUTTLINGEN, DÜTLINGEN, Battle of (1643). See GERMANY: A. D. 1643-1644. TWEED RING, The. See NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871. TWELVE APOSTLES OF IRELAND. See CLONARD, MONASTERY OF. TWELVE CÆSARS, The. See ROME: A. D. 68-96. TWELVE PEERS OF FRANCE. The Twelve Peers of France were the nobles and prelates "who held the great fiefs immediately from the Crown. … Their number had been fixed by Louis VII. at twelve; six lay and six ecclesiastical. They were the Dukes of Normandy, Burgundy, Guienne, the Counts of Champagne, Flanders, Toulouse; the Archbishop of Rheims, and the Bishops of Laon, Noyon, Châlons, Beauvais and Langres. … The immediate vassals of the Duchy of France, who held of the King as Duke, not as King, were not Peers of France."