2. The study of the mind of the individual compared with other minds. 3. The study of the normal mind of the individual compared with the abnormal. 4. The study of the mind of one race compared with that of other races. 5. The study of the mind of genus Homo compared with that of animals. All these are of interest and value for Anthropology, especially the second, fourth, and fifth. In the earlier days of psychology, when the subject was in the leading-strings of philosophy, it had little ethnological value. Indeed, the possibility of such a subject as ethnological psychology was not realised. [Sidenote: =Ethnical Psychology.=] Ethnical psychology, the study of the mind of other races and peoples, of which, among the more backward races, glimpses can be obtained only by living among them and endeavouring to reach their point of view by means of observation and experiment, is a modern conception; and for this branch of the subject there is no history. As an illustration of the change of attitude with regard to ethnical psychology during the last fifty years, we may quote from Burmeister[60] in 1853: “It is not worth while to look into the soul of the negro. It is a judgment of God which is being executed that, at the approach of civilisation, the savage man must perish”; and again,[61] in 1857: “I have often tried to obtain an insight into the mind of the negro, but it was never worth the trouble.” Compare with this such works as R. E. Dennett’s _At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind_, 1906. In justification of his attempt to represent the basal ideas of the West African native, Dennett says: “I cannot help feeling that one who has lived so long among the Africans, and who has acquired a kind of way of thinking black, should be listened to on the off-chance that a secondary instinct, developed by long contact with the people he is writing about, may have driven him to a right, or very nearly right, conclusion” (pp. 133-4). And as the keynote of his elaborate investigation, which results in “crediting the Africans with thoughts, concerning their religious and political system, comparable to any that may have been handed down” to ourselves by our own ancestors, he quotes from Flora L. Shaw[62]: “It may happen that we shall have to revise entirely our view of the black races, and regard those who now exist as the decadent representatives of an almost forgotten era, rather than as the embryonic possibility of an era yet to come.” Footnote 60: _Der Schwarze Mensch._ Footnote 61: _Reise nach Brasilien._ Footnote 62: Flora L. Shaw (Lady Lugard), _A Tropical Dependency_, p. 17.