The earliest recognition of the anthropological aspect of psychology is found in Germany, where Bastian was always insisting on the essential connection between psychology and ethnology; and, although his own literary method was peculiarly obscure, he did a very great deal, both by his writings and personal influence, to stimulate the study of psychology from the point of view of ethnology. [Illustration: P. W. A. BASTIAN. ] [Sidenote: =Bastian.=] [Sidenote: =Folk Psychology.=] Adolf Bastian (1826-1905), after passing through five universities—Heidelberg, Berlin, Jena, Wurzburg, and Prague—began his life of travel in 1851 as a ship’s doctor. The next twenty-five years were mainly spent in voyages of research in all parts of the world, and always with one object in view—the collection of materials for a comparative psychology, on the principles of a natural science. His first journey, which occupied eight years, resulted in the publication in 1860 of the first of a long series of writings. When not engaged in travel, his life was filled with his work in connection with the Berlin Museums. Great though these services were, Bastian’s main interest was always concentrated on psychology. The ideas of folk psychology were in the air, and the study of _Welt-Anschauung_, or, to use Bastian’s phrase, _Völker-Gedanken_, was already inaugurated in Germany. To organise this study by introducing wide scientific, inductive, and comparative methods, and to collect evidence from among all the peoples of the earth, was Bastian’s life-work, in which he was still engaged when death overtook him at Trinidad in 1905. Among the conceptions of the _Natur-Völker_—the “cryptograms of mankind,” as he called them—he worked unceasingly, demonstrating first the surprising uniformity of outlook on the part of the more primitive peoples, and secondly the correlation of differences of conceptions with differences in material surroundings, varying with geographical conditions. This second doctrine he elaborated in his _Zur Lehre von den Geographischen Provinzen_, in 1886. The term “psychology of peoples” has become familiar of late, and books have been written on the psychology of special peoples, such as the _Esquisse psychologique des Peuples Européens_ (1903), by A. Fouillée; but these are based on general considerations, and not on experimental evidence. The place of Comparative Psychology in Anthropology was officially determined in this country by the request which the Anthropological Institute made to Herbert Spencer in 1875, to map out the Comparative Psychology of Man, with a view to providing some sort of method in handling the various questions that came before the Institute. The result of this was Spencer’s provisional Scheme of Character, in which the problem of measurement took an important place. [Sidenote: =Experimental Psychology.=]