It was not until the nineteenth century that a really scientific method of classification was adopted. In the majority of these schemes the character of the hair was chosen as the primary race-characteristic. [Sidenote: =Pruner Bey.=] The hair had already been studied by Heusinger (1822), by Blower, of Philadelphia, and by Kölliker, the histologist, before the publication of Pruner Bey’s classic memoir, read before the Paris Anthropological Society in 1863, and published in the same year. Dr. Pruner Bey claimed that the quality of the hair constituted one of the best means of race-identification, and even that “a single hair presenting the average form characteristic of the race might serve to define it.” [Sidenote: =Bory de St. Vincent.=] Long before this, in 1827, Bory de Saint-Vincent had chosen the hair as the chief test in race-classification, and divided mankind into the _Leiotrichi_, or straight-haired, and the _Ulotrichi_, or woolly-haired—a nomenclature afterwards adopted by Professor Huxley (1870).[72] But Bory de Saint-Vincent’s classification was robbed of permanent scientific value by his inclusion as distinct races of such vague abstractions as “Scythians,” “Neptunians,” and “Columbians.” Footnote 72: _Journ. Eth. Soc._ (N.S.), II. [Sidenote: =Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.=] Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1858) distributed his eleven principal races primarily according to the character of the hair, sub-divided according to the flatness or projection of the nose, skin-colour, the shape of the skull, and the character of the face.[73] Footnote 73: _Cf._ Topinard, 1885, p. 264. [Sidenote: =Haeckel.=] Professor Ernst Haeckel adopted the following classification from Friedrich Müller:—I. Ulotriches (woolly-haired). _A._ Lophokomoi (tufted): Papuans, Hottentots; _B._ Eriokomoi (fleecy): Kafirs, Negroes. II. Lissotriches (lank-haired). _A._ Euthykomoi (straight): Malay, Mongol, American, Arctic, Australian; _B._ Euplokomoi (curly): Dravidas, Nubians, Mediterranean. [Sidenote: =Broca, Topinard.=] Broca and Topinard (1885) have three main classes—Straight, Wavy or Curly, and Woolly—sub-divided first by head-form, then by skin colour. Many of the earlier classifications were based on insufficient or erroneous evidence, and the general tendency has been to increase the divisions as the physical characters of the populations of the earth became gradually better known. Thus the twelve races of Haeckel in 1873 had advanced to thirty-four in 1879; the sixteen of Topinard in 1878 had grown to nineteen in 1885; and the thirteen races and thirty sub-divisions of Deniker in 1889 were increased in 1900 to seventeen groups, containing twenty-nine races. [Sidenote: =Flower.=]