Produced by Jwala Kumar Sista, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) +Transcriber's Notes+ 1. Typographical errors have been silently corrected. 2. Variations of spelling and hyphenation are as in the original. 3. The text version is coded for italics and the like mark-ups i.e., (a) italics are indicated thus _italic_; (b) small-caps are indicated thus CAPS; (c) Images in the book are indicated as [Illustration:] at the respective place, between paragraphs. (d) Footnotes were moved to the end of chapters. * * * * * [Illustration: KARL ERNST von BAER (in old age), from the picture by Hagen-Schwarz. (_By permission of the Berlin Photographic Company, 133 New Bond Street, London, W._)] HISTORY OF BIOLOGY BY L. C. MIALL, D.Sc., F.R.S., FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS [ISSUED FOR THE RATIONALIST PRESS ASSOCIATION, LIMITED] London: WATTS & CO., 17 JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C. 1911 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Biology of the ancients. Extinction of scientific inquiry. Revival of knowledge. PERIOD I (1530-1660) 7 Characteristics of the period. The revival of botany. The revival of zoology. Early notions of system. The first English naturalists. The rise of experimental physiology. The natural history of distant lands (sixteenth century and earlier). Agriculture, horticulture, and silk-culture in the sixteenth century. PERIOD II (1661-1740) 28 Characteristics of the period. The minute anatomists. Early notions about the nature of fossils. Comparative anatomy; the study of biological types. Adaptations of plants and animals; natural theology. Spontaneous generation. The natural history of John Ray. The scale of nature. The sexes of flowering plants. PERIOD III (1741-1789) 49