Of the many manuscript maps and charts made by navigators prior to this time none have been preserved. In the year 1500, however, a map of the world was made by the veteran pilot Juan de la Cosa, who had sailed with Columbus on his second voyage, and had accompanied Alonso de Ojeda to the Pearl Coast. It is preserved in the Royal Library of Madrid, and shows in a remarkably clear manner all discoveries up to that date. Drawn in colors and gold on ox-hide, on a scale of fifteen leagues to the degree, it lays down the parallels of Gibraltar and Paris, beside the equator and tropic of Cancer, and gives a scale at the top and bottom. _Stevens' Notes_, p. 16. Humboldt first published a copy of the American portion, and the whole, or parts thereof, have been since published or described in _Lelewel_, _Géog. du moyen âge_, tom. ii. pp. 109 et seq., atlas, no. 41; _Sagra_, _Hist. physique et politique de l'île de Cuba_, Paris, 1838, and atlas; _Ghillany_, _Geschichte_, etc., pref. by Humboldt; _Jomard_, _Monuments de géog._, atlas no. xvi., which gives a full-sized fac-simile; _Kohl's Hist. Discov._, pp. 151-5, 239, plate v., being a copy of the northern part from Humboldt with additions from Jomard. Stevens in his _Notes_, see pp. 11-16, 33, 51, and plate i., produces a photo-lithographic copy of the western hemisphere from Jomard. I give a copy of the central portions of the western hemisphere from Humboldt, Stevens, and Kohl. [Illustration: JUAN DE LA COSA'S MAP, 1500.] The upper portion is North America, and the lower South America, between which a continuous coast line remains as yet undiscovered.