_Chrysocolla_, malachite, or copper carbonate, was used as a green pigment. The blue κύανος of the Greeks, or _cœruleum_ of the Romans, was obtained by fritting together alkali, sand, and oxide of copper. _Botryitis_, _placitis_, _onychitis_, _ostracitis_, were varieties of _cadmia_ or oxide of zinc, obtained by calcining calamine, and were used in the treatment of ulcers, etc. _Molybdena_, which was the Latin name for litharge, was employed externally as an astringent and in the manufacture of plaster. The lead plaster employed by Roman surgeons was practically identical in character and mode of preparation with that in use to-day. _Cerussa_, or white lead, was made as now by exposing sheets of lead to the fumes of vinegar. It was used in medicine, as a pigment, and in the preparation of cosmetics. _Cerussa usta_ was probably red lead. Its present name of _minium_ was originally applied to cinnabar, the red sulphide of mercury, which was frequently adulterated with red lead. _Cinnabar_, formerly obtained from Africa, and, by the Romans, from Spain, was also used externally in medicine, and was a highly prized pigment, whose value was known to the Chinese from very early times. The black sulphide of antimony, the _stimmi_ and _stibium_ of Dioscorides and Pliny, was employed by women in Asia, Greece, and latterly in Western Europe, and is still so used in the East, for blackening their eyelashes. Preparations of antimony were used in medicine. _Realgar_, the scarlet sulphide of arsenic, the _sandarach_ of Aristotle, and the _arrenichon_ of Theophrastus, was employed as a pigment, and also in medicine, both internally and externally. The yellow sulphide of arsenic or _auri pigmentum_ (orpiment), was also used for the same purposes. A variety of yellow and red ochres, in addition to the pigments above mentioned, were used by painters, such as _rubrica_, an iron ochre of a dark red colour, and _sinopis_, or reddle, obtained from Egypt, Lemnos, and the Balearic Isles. Oxides of manganese were used as brown pigments. The white pigment, _paratonium_, was probably meerschaum. _Melinum_ was a variety of chalk found in Samos. The ancients were well acquainted with indigo and madder, and with the method of manufacturing lakes, which was employed by Grecian artists. The famous _purpurissum_ was chalk or clay stained by immersion in a solution of Tyrian purple. _Atramentum_ was lamp-black: ivory-black was used by Apelles, and was known as _elephantinum_. The ink of the ancients consisted of lamp-black suspended in a solution of gum or glue. The _atramentum indicum_, imported from the East, was identical with China ink.