[50] "The Bible and other Ancient Literature in the Nineteenth Century." L. T. Townsend, D.D. Chautauqua press, 1889. See pages 32-45. [51] "The Religions of the Ancient World." George Rawlinson, M.A. Alden edition of 1885. Page 174. [52] "The Intellectual Development of Europe." John W. Draper. Vol. ii, page 113. [53] _Ibid._ vol. ii, page 122. [54] In "Clarke's Commentary," vol. i, page 113, the reason of choosing the eighth day is given. Circumcision was not only a covenant, but an offering to God; and all born, whether human or animal, were considered unclean previous to the eighth day. Neither calf, lamb, or kid was offered to God until it was eight days old.--Lev., xxii, 27. [55] A father circumcised his children and the master his slaves. In case of neglect the operation was performed by the magistrate. If its neglect was unknown to the magistrate, then it became the duty of the Hebrew, upon arriving of age, to either do it himself or have it done.--"Clarke's Commentary," vol. i, page 113. [56] Bishop Newton points out the remarkable analogy that marks the Hebrew race as descendants of Isaac and the Arab race as the descendants of Ishmael, from whom sprung the Saracenic people. These are the only two races that have gone on in their purity from their beginning. They intermarry only among themselves and have, alike, the same customs and habits as their fathers. The sculptured faces of the Hebrew on the Babylonian monuments are the same faces that are met in the synagogues of Paris or New York. So with the descendants of Ishmael, in whom there flows partly the blood of the dominant element of ancient Egypt; neither custom, habit, nor physiognomy have changed. In these two races, as observed by Bishop Newton, we have an ocular demonstration of the Divine origin of our faith, if verification of Scripture history is any criterion.--"Clarke's Commentary," vol. i, page 111; also, Hosmer's "Story of the Jews," page 5. [57] "Cause Morale de la Circoncision." Vanier, du Havre. Pages 40-45. [58] "De la Circoncision." Par le Dr. S. Bernheim. Page 7. Paris, 1889. [59] "Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," vol. ii, page 350.