=The State Education.=--1. Persian education was national in character. After the seventh year the boy was taken from home and educated entirely by and for the State. His training in the use of arms, in riding, and in other athletic exercises was continued. There were large public institutions in which the boys were quartered, and simplest food and clothing were given them. Besides the training for war, they were taught religious proverbs and prayers, and were led to practice truth and justice. This education continued until their fifteenth year. The teachers were men who had passed their fiftieth year, and who were chosen for virtue as well as knowledge, that they might serve as models to their pupils. 2. The second period of education consisted of a military training, which occupied the ten years between the age of fifteen and twenty-five. 3. The final period was that of the soldier, which continued till the fiftieth year, when the Persian could retire from the army with honor. The most competent were retained as teachers. Reading and writing were taught to a limited degree, but the chief end of education was to prepare the citizen for war. The Magi were educated in astronomy, astrology, and alchemy, and many of the dervishes have ever been renowned for their acuteness, sense of justice, great powers of observation, and good judgment. =Criticism of the Persian Education.=--1. The State robs the family of its inherent right to educate the children. 2. It neglects intellectual education, giving undue prominence to the physical and moral; and demands too great a part of the active life of man. 3. It makes the highest aim of education to prepare for war, and therefore does not cultivate the arts of peace. 4. It excludes woman from the benefits of education. ZOROASTER[11] Zoroaster, the founder of the Persian religion, was a great teacher. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but it is generally placed at about B.C. 600. The testimony of ancient classic literature confirms the belief that he was an historical person. A tablet unearthed in Greece contains an account of his life and his doctrines. Pliny says that he laughed on the day of his birth and that for thirty years he lived in the wilderness on cheese. He was the founder of the Magi priesthood, but did not teach the worship of fire.