[13] The student should bear in mind the fact that the purchasing power of a sum equivalent to four dollars was much greater in those days than now. [14] "Outlines of the World's History," p. 12. [15] "Outlines of History," p. 20. [16] It must be observed that the ancient volume, or roll, contained much less matter than the modern book. CHAPTER VII GREECE =Literature.=--_Davidson_, Education of the Greek People; _Felton_, Ancient and Modern Greece; _Grote_, History of Greece; _Curtius_, History of Greece; _Morris_, Historical Tales (Greek); _Mahaffy_, Old Greek Education; Social Life in Greece; The Greek World under Roman Sway; _Clarke_, Ten Great Religions; _Guhl_ and _Koner_, Life of Greeks and Romans; _Timayenis_, History of Greece; _Wilkins_, National Education in Greece; _Lord_, Beacon Lights; _Monroe_, Source Book of the History of Education. =Geography and History.=--Greece lies in the center of the ancient world. The numerous islands between it and the mainland of Asia made stepping-stones for the hardy mariners who, filled with the spirit of adventure, pushed out farther and farther from the Asiatic shores until they reached Greece--the first European country to be settled. Here we find another branch of the great Aryan race. The coast is broken up by many indentations which afford fine harbors and invite seafaring life. The surface is mountainous, the ranges cutting the country up into many sections or states. The climate is varying, depending upon proximity to the sea, and upon the elevation. The scenery is beautiful, and the soil in the valleys is fertile. The productions are fruit, grain, and silk. As might be expected from the nature of the country, the people show much commercial enterprise. The area is about twenty-five thousand square miles, and the population about 2,200,000. The Greeks were a brave and ambitious people, and their history is full of heroic deeds and stirring events. The many small states were often hostile to one another. Athens and Sparta were the two most important cities. Around them centered two diverse forms of civilization, and in them were developed two very different standards of education. It will be necessary, therefore, to discuss separately the education of these two cities. When the Grecian states were united in defense, no outside power was able to conquer them; but, unfortunately, jealousies often arose which brought them into conflict with one another, and which finally caused the overthrow of all. In art and literature Greece reached the summit of her glory in Athens in the age of Pericles, the fifth century B.C. The work accomplished by Athens has been the inspiration of the world for nearly twenty-four hundred years.