=Secondary Education.=--At twelve the boy entered a school taught by an educated man, called _literatus_. Many of the teachers of this class were Greeks. Here, in addition to the studies of the elementary school, the pupils were taught the Greek and Latin languages; and the poets, history, oratory, philosophy, and criticism were also studied. The school of the _literatus_ was much better than that of the _literator_, but it reached only a limited number of the Roman youth. =Higher Education.=--Upon entering his sixteenth year, the boy was inducted with ceremony into the dignity of manhood, and was clothed with the _toga virilis_, the dress of men. He now chose his calling and began definite preparation for it. Five vocations were open to him,--namely, oratory, politics, arms, law, and agriculture. Those without talent or inclination for any of the others devoted themselves to agriculture. They were taken to the farms, where they received definite instruction in the principles and practices of this occupation. To those who chose oratory, politics, or law, were assigned persons experienced in their respective fields, and the boys were taken to the forum, the senate, and other places where they could hear renowned orators and become familiar with public life. They had also definite instruction in their chosen branch. Those who entered the army were placed in charge of military officers, who taught them military tactics and the practical duties of life in camp. These learners also gave attention to oratory and other intellectual studies. It will thus appear that in their schools, as in life, the Romans were thoroughly practical. Each boy was carefully prepared for the life which he had chosen, by being inducted into it during his school course. Cicero asked the question, "What have we to learn?" and answered it, "To honor and strengthen the State, in order that we may become the rulers of the world." Roman parents demanded that their children should be trained in the practical duties of life, in order that they might know how to become rich. Therefore all training for children was in this direction. While this in general was the purpose of education, the Romans had their ideal of what an educated man should be, and that ideal found its expression in the name of _orator_. He who was the best orator was the best educated man. The schools, however, were for boys, little account being taken of the education of girls except in household duties. Still, women were more respected, and had wider privileges than they had before enjoyed. Most of the wealthy citizens employed Greek tutors for their sons, and sought to ape Grecian manners and culture. Education was completed by study in Athens and by travel--advantages within reach only of the very wealthy. =Criticism of Roman Education.=--1. It took great care to instill respect for law and obedience to parental and civil authority.