_The Delta: its gradual formation, its structure, its canals--The valley of Egypt--The two arms of the river--The Eastern Nile--The appearance of its hanks--The hills--The gorge of Gehel Silsileh--The cataracts: the falls of Aswan--Nubia--The rapids of Wady Halfah--The Takazze--The Blue Nile and the White Nile. The sources of the Nile--The Egyptian cosmography--The four pillars and the four upholding mountains--The celestial Nile the source of the terrestial Nile--the Southern Sea and the islands of Spirits--The tears of Isis--The rise of the Nile--The Green Nile and the Bed Nile--The opening of the dykes---The fall of the Nile--The river at its lowest ebb. The alluvial deposits and the effects of the inundation upon the soil of Egypt--Paucity of the flora: aquatic plants, the papyrus and the lotus; the sycamore and the date-palm, the acacias, the dom-palms--The fauna: the domestic and wild animals; serpents, the urstus; the hippopotamus and the crocodile; birds; fish, the fahaka. The Nile god: his form and its varieties--The goddess Mirit--The supposed sources of the Nile at Elephantine--The festivals of Gebel Silsileh-Hymn to the Nile from papyri m the British Museum. The names of the Nile and Egypt: Bomitu and Qimit--Antiquity of the Egyptianpeople--Their first horizon--The hypothesis of their Asiatic origin--The probability of their African origin--The language and its Semitic affinities--The race and its principal types. The primitive civilization of Egypt--Its survival into historic times--The women of Amon--Marriage--Rights of women and children--Houses--Furniture--Dress--Jewels--Wooden and metal arms--Primitive life-Fishing and hunting--The lasso and "bolas"--The domestication of animals--Plants used for food--The lotus--Cereals--The hoe and the plough. The conquest of the valley--Dykes--Basins--Irrigation--The princes--The nomes--The first local principalities--Late organization of the Delta--Character of its inhabitants--Gradual division of the principalities and changes of then areas--The god of the city._ [Illustration: 003.jpg CHAPTER ONE] THE NILE AND EGYPT _The river and its influence upon the formation of the country--The oldest inhabitants of the valley and its first political organization._ * The same expression has been attributed to Hecatseus of Miletus. It has often been observed that this phrase seems Egyptian on the face of it, and it certainly recalls such forms of expression as the following, taken from a formula frequently found on funerary "All things created by heaven, given by earth, _brought by the Nile--from its mysterious sources._" Nevertheless, up to the present time, the hieroglyphic texts have yielded nothing altogether corresponding to the exact terms of the Greek historians-- _gift_ of the Nile, or its natural _product_.