Produced by David Widger [Illustration: Spines] [Illustration: Cover] HISTORY OF EGYPT CHALDEA, SYRIA, BABYLONIA, AND ASSYRIA By G. MASPERO, Honorable Doctor of Civil Laws, and Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford; Member of the Institute and Professor at the College of France Edited by A. H. SAYCE, Professor of Assyriology, Oxford Translated by M. L. McCLURE, Member of the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund CONTAINING OVER TWELVE HUNDRED COLORED PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS Volume IV. LONDON THE GROLIER SOCIETY PUBLISHERS [Illustration: Frontispiece] [Illustration: Titlepage] _THE FIRST CHALDEAN EMPIRE AND THE HYKSOS IN EGYPT_ _SYRIA: THE PART PLAYED BY IT IN THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD-- BABYLON AND THE FIRST CHALDAEAN EMPIRE--THE DOMINION OF THE HYKSOS: AHMOSIS._ _Syria, owing to its geographical position, condemned to be subject to neighbouring powers-Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon, the valley of the Orontes and of the Litany, and surrounding regions: the northern table-land, the country about Damascus, the Mediterranean coast, the Jordan and the Dead Sea-Civilization and primitive inhabitants, Semites and Asiatics: the almost entire absence of Egyptian influence, the predominance of that of Chaldaea._ _Babylon, its ruins and its environs--It extends its rule over Mesopotamia; its earliest dynasty and its struggle with Central Chaldaea-Elam, its geographical position, its peoples; Kutur-Nakhunta conquers Larsam-Bimsin (Eri-Aku); Khammurabi founds the first Babylonian empire; Ids victories, his buildings, his canals--The Elamites in Syria: Kudurlagamar--Syria recognizes the authority of Hammurabi and his successors._ _The Hyksos conquer Egypt at the end of the XIVth dynasty; the founding of Avaris--Uncertainty both of ancients and moderns with regard to the origin of the Hyksos: probability of their being the Khati--Their kings adopt the manners and civilization of the Egyptians: the monuments of Khiani and of Apophis I. and II--The XVth dynasty._ _Semitic incursions following the Hyksos--The migration of the Phoenicians and the Israelites into Syria: Terah, Abraham and his sojourn in the land of Canaan--Isaac, Jacob, Joseph: the Israelites go down into Egypt and settle in the land of Goshen._ _Thebes revolts against the Hyksos: popular traditions as to the origin of the war, the romance of Apophis and Saquinri--The Theban princesses and the last Icings of the XVIIth dynasty: Tiudqni Kamosis, Ahmosis I.--The lords of El-Kab, and the part they played during the war of independence--The taking of Avaris and the expulsion of the Ilylcsos._ _The reorganization of Egypt--Ahmosis I. and his Nubian wars, the reopening of the quarries of Turah--Amenothes I. and his mother Nofritari: the jewellery of Queen Ahhotpu--The wars of Amenothes I., the apotheosis of Nofritari--The accession of Thutmosis I. and the re-generation of Egypt._ CHAPTER I--THE FIRST CHALDAEAN EMPIRE AND THE HYKSOS IN EGYPT