Produced by David Widger [Illustration: Spines] [Illustration: Cover] HISTORY OF EGYPT CHALDEA, SYRIA, BABYLONIA, AND ASSYRIA By G. MASPERO, Honorable Doctor of Civil Laws, and Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford; Member of the Institute and Professor at the College of France Edited by A. H. SAYCE, Professor of Assyriology, Oxford Translated by M. L. McCLURE, Member of the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund CONTAINING OVER TWELVE HUNDRED COLORED PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS Volume IX. LONDON THE GROLIER SOCIETY PUBLISHERS [Illustration: 001.jpg Frontispiece] Howling Dervish [Illustration: Titlepage] [Illustration: 001.jpg PAGE IMAGE] [Illustration: 002.jpg PAGE IMAGE] _THE IRANIAN CONQUEST_ _THE IRANIAN RELIGIONS--CYRUS IN LYDIA AND AT BABYLON; CAMBYSES IN EGYPT--DARIUS AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE._ _The constitution of the Median empire borrowed from the ancient peoples of the Euphrates: its religion only is peculiar to itself--Legends concerning Zoroaster, his laws; the Avesta and its history--Elements contained in it of primitive religion--The supreme god Ahura-maza and his Amesha-spentas: the Yazatas, the Fravashis--Angro-mainyus and his agents, the Daivas, the Pairikas, their struggle with Ahura-mazda--The duties of man here below, funerals, his fate after death---Worship and temples: fire-altars, sacrifices, the Magi_. _Cyrus and the legends concerning his origin: his revolt against Astyages and the fall of the Median empire--The early years of the reign of Nabonidus: revolutions in Tyre, the taking of Harran--The end of the reign of Alyattes, Lydian art and its earliest coinage--Croesus, his relations with continental Greece, his conquests, his alliances with Babylon and Egypt--The war between Lydia and Persia: the defeat of the Lydians, the taking of Sardes, the death of Croesus and subsequent legends relating to it--The submission of the cities of the Asiatic littoral._ _Cyrus in Bactriana and in the eastern regions of the Iranian table-land --The impression produced on the Chaldaean by his victories; the Jewish exiles, Ezekiel and his dreams of restoration, the new temple, the prophecies against Babylon; general discontent with Nabonidus--The attach of Cyrus and the battle of Zalzallat, the taking of Babylon and the fall of Nabonidus: the end of the Chaldaean empire and the deliverance of the Jews._ _Egypt under Amasis: building works, support given to the Greeks; Naukratis, its temples, its constitution, and its prosperity--Preparations for defence and the unpopularity of Amasis with the native Egyptians--The death of Cyrus and legends relating to it: his palace at Pasargadae and his tomb--Cambyses and Smerdis--The legendary causes of the war with Egypt--Psammetichus III., the battle of Pelusium; Egypt reduced to a Persian province._