These arcs were remarkably efficient but their maintenance expense was high. Later, about 1908, enclosed flame arcs with vertical carbons were made which increased the life of the carbons, the smoke being condensed in cooling chambers. However, their maintenance expense was still high. They have now disappeared from the market, having been displaced by the very efficient gas-filled tungsten filament incandescent lamp which appeared in 1913. THE CONSTANT CURRENT TRANSFORMER FOR SERIES CIRCUITS About 1900 the constant current transformer was developed by Elihu Thomson. This transforms current taken from a constant potential alternating current circuit into a constant alternating current for series circuits, whose voltage varies with the load on the circuit. The transformer has two separate coils; the primary being stationary and connected to the constant potential circuit and the secondary being movable and connected to the series circuit. The weight of the secondary coil is slightly underbalanced by a counter weight. Current flowing in the primary induces current in the secondary, the two coils repelling each other. The strength of the repelling force depends upon the amount of current flowing in the two coils. The core of the transformer is so designed that the central part, which the two coils surround, is magnetically more powerful close to the primary coil than it is further away. When the two coils are close together a higher voltage is induced in the secondary than if the later were further away from the primary coil. In starting, the two coils are pulled apart by hand to prevent too large a current flowing in the series circuit. The secondary coil is allowed to gradually fall and will come to rest at a point where the voltage induced in it produces the normal current in the series circuit, the repelling force between the two coils holding the secondary at this point. Should the load in the series circuit change for any reason, the current in the series circuit would also change, thus changing the force repelling the two coils. The secondary would therefore move until the current in the series circuit again becomes normal. The action is therefore automatic, and the actual current in the series circuit can be adjusted within limits to the desired amount, by varying the counterweight. A dash pot is used to prevent the secondary coil from oscillating (pumping) too much. In the constant current transformer, the series circuit is insulated from the constant potential circuit. This has many advantages. A similar device, called an automatic regulating reactance was developed which is slightly less expensive, but it does not have the advantage of insulating the two circuits from each other. ENCLOSED SERIES ALTERNATING CURRENT ARC LAMPS