About twenty-five centuries ago, Thales, a Greek philosopher, recorded the fact that if amber is rubbed it will attract light objects. The Greeks called amber “elektron,” from which we get the word “electricity.” About two hundred and fifty years later, Aristotle, another Greek philosopher, mentioned that the lodestone would attract iron. Lodestone is an iron ore (Fe_{3}O_{4}), having magnetic qualities and is now called magnetite. The word “magnet” comes from the fact that the best specimens of lodestones came from Magnesia, a city in Asia Minor. Plutarch, a Greek biographer, wrote about 100 A. D., that iron is sometimes attracted and at other times repelled by a lodestone. This indicates that the piece of iron was magnetised by the lodestone. In 1180, Alexander Neckham, an English Monk, described the compass, which probably had been invented by sailors of the northern countries of Europe, although its invention has been credited to the Chinese. Early compasses probably consisted of an iron needle, magnetised by a lodestone, mounted on a piece of wood floating in water. The word lodestone or “leading stone” comes from the fact that it would point towards the north if suspended like a compass. William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth of England, wrote a book about the year 1600 giving all the information then known on the subject. He also described his experiments, showing, among other things, the existence of magnetic lines of force and of north and south poles in a magnet. Robert Norman had discovered a few years previously that a compass needle mounted on a horizontal axis would dip downward. Gilbert cut a large lodestone into a sphere, and observed that the needle did not dip at the equator of this sphere, the dip increasing to 90 degrees as the poles were approached. From this he deduced that the earth was a magnet with the magnetic north pole at the geographic north pole. It has since been determined that these two poles do not coincide. Gilbert suggested the use of the dipping needle to determine latitude. He also discovered that other substances, beside amber, would attract light objects if rubbed. MACHINES GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY FRICTION