History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to SwinburneLang, Andrew
History
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
Lang, Andrew
English literature -- History and criticism
After rejecting many topics which had occurred to him as possible
subjects for his life-long purpose to write a great Epic, Milton
returned to the inspiration of the Heavenly Muse, and settled
(1655-1667) on "Paradise Lost". He did wisely, for a human epic like
the others, the "Iliad," the "Odyssey," and all the Greek, Roman,
Italian, and French imitations of these, demands a pell-mell of human
characters, noble, treacherous, and humorous. In creating human
characters Milton had little skill, and, in "Paradise Lost" there are
but two, Adam and Eve. In Genesis they are extremely human, but Milton
had to make them at first perfect, and place them in a situation where
no other human beings ever were. For the rest, he had the magnificent
Satan, fallen through a pride and independence of character with which
the poet was in sympathy; while Belial and Abdiel are also, each in
his own way, heroic. The heavenly angels are less clearly marked and
discriminated.
In Athens, Milton would have rivalled Æschylus; with Euripides he does
not pair. He has the greatest of stages, the universe, chaos, heaven
and hell. His theme is the mystery of human fortunes; man, what he
might be, what he is. He uses a non-Biblical poetic legend, the war in
heaven, which had been treated, we saw, by an Anglo-Saxon poet, and has
a parallel in the mythology of the Kaitish, a savage tribe of Central
Australia. There too the great self-created Atnatu of the highest
heaven hurls his disobedient children down to earth. It was inevitable
that Satan, not Adam, should become the Hero, as Mephistopheles, not
Faust, is the hero of Goethe's play--is the interesting character.
Milton in his Puritan way describes himself as "Not sedulous by nature
to indite wars," hitherto "alone heroic deemed," while modest domestic
patience and heroic martyrdom are unsung, or as in the case of Jeanne
d'Arc, have proved too lofty a theme for any poet. But Milton being a
poet is subject to inevitable poetic limitations. The patience which
Eve displayed in everyday domestic life, after her expulsion from
Paradise, would not be a theme for the epic; and Milton "never stoops
his wing" when he sings of the Raising of the Banner of Satan, and "the
banner cry of Hell".
In the true spirit of epics, his poem ends with no clash of arms, no
blare of trumpets, but with "a dying fall";
They, hand in hand, with wandering steps and slow,
Through Eden took their solitary way;
in such manner, too, ceases the "Iliad,"
Thus held they funeral for knightly Hector.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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