51 “Quid hoc triumpho pulchrius?... Tantam captivorum multitudinem bestiis objicit ut ingrati et perfidi non minus doloris ex ludibrio sui quam ex ipsa morte patiantur.”—Incerti, _Panegyricus Constant_. “Puberes qui in manus venerunt, quorum nec perfidia erat apta militiæ nec ferocia servituti ad pœnas spectaculo dati sævientes bestias multitudine sua fatigarunt.”—Eumenius, _Paneg. Constant._ xi. _ 52 Cod. Theod._ lib. xv. tit. 12, lex 1. Sozomen, i. 8. 53 This, at least, is the opinion of Godefroy, who has discussed the subject very fully. (_Cod. Theod._ lib. xv. tit. 12.) 54 Libanius, _De Vita Sua_, 3. _ 55 Cod. Theod._ lib. xv. tit. 12, l. 2. 56 Ibid. lib. ix. tit. 40, l. 8. 57 Ibid. lib. ix. tit. 40, l. 11. 58 Ibid. lib. xv. tit. 12, l. 3. 59 Symmach. _Ex._ x. 61. 60 M. Wallon has traced these last shows with much learning. (_Hist. de l’Esclavage_, tome iii. pp. 421-429.) 61 He wavered, however, on the subject, and on one occasion condemned them. See Wallon, tome iii. p. 423. 62 Theodoret, v. 26. 63 Muller, _De Genio Ævi Theodosiani_ (1797), vol. ii. p. 88; Milman, _Hist. of Early Christianity_, vol. iii. pp. 343-347. 64 See on these fights Ozanam’s _Civilisation in the Fifth Century_ (Eng. trans.), vol. i. p. 130. 65 Nieupoort, _De Ritibus Romanorum_, p. 169. 66 See a very unequivocal passage, _Inst. Div._ vi. 20. Several earlier testimonies on the subject are given by Barbeyrac, _Morale des Pères_, and in many other books. 67 See two laws enacted in A.D. 380 (_Cod. Theod._ ix. tit. 35, l. 4) and A.D. 389 (_Cod. Theod._ ix. tit. 35, l. 5). Theodosius the Younger made a law (ix. tit. 35, l. 7) excepting the Isaurian robbers from the privileges of these laws. 68 There are, of course, innumerable miracles punishing guilty men, but I know none assisting the civil power in doing so. As an example of the miracles in defence of the innocent, I may cite one by St. Macarius. An innocent man, accused of a murder, fled to him. He brought both the accused and accusers to the tomb of the murdered man, and asked him whether the prisoner was the murderer. The corpse answered in the negative; the bystanders implored St. Macarius to ask it to reveal the real culprit; but St. Macarius refused to do so. (_Vitæ Patrum_, lib. ii. cap. xxviii.) 69 “Ut quam clementissime et ultra sanguinis effusionem puniretur.” _ 70 Quæstœ. Romanæ_, xcvi. 71 Tillemont, _Mém. d’Hist. ecclés_. tome vi. pp. 88-98. The Donatists after a time, however, are said to have overcome their scruples, and used swords.