The celebrated works of C. Lassen, _Indische Alterthumskunde_, 1844-47, and A. Weber, _Indische Studien_, 1850, are well known as sources of information in reference to the general subject. Also Dr. J. Muir has lately published (1858) _Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India_. Several articles in reviews have appeared which contain much popular information; e.g. in the _North British Review_, Nov. 1858; _Westminster Review_, April 1860; _Edinburgh Review_, Oct. 1860. On the general subject of this note compare also Quinet, _Œuvres_, t. i. 1. 2, 3. Note 4. p. 12. The Controversy Between Christians And Jews. The history of the controversy of Christianity with Judaism is so connected in the writings of the early apologists with the contemporaneous one directed against Paganism, and in recent times so related in one of its aspects to rationalism, that these reasons seem sufficient, independently of the literary interest, to justify the insertion of a brief notice of it, and of the sources of information with respect to it. The controversy with the Jew varies in different ages. We can distinguish three separate phases; (1) that which is seen in the early centuries, (2) in the middle ages, and early modern times, (3) the position which is taken up by the educated Jew at the present day. The sources for understanding the contest are, partly the Jewish writings, and partly those of Christians who have written against them. 1. In the early ages the controversy merely turned upon the question whether Jesus was the Christ. The Jews did not deny the fact of the Christian miracles, but explained them away; and the controversy accordingly turned on the interpretation of Jewish prophecy. This phase of the contest is seen in the New Testament, in the Apology of Justin Martyr against Trypho, to which a new kind of objection expressive of prejudice is added in the discourse which Celsus, as preserved in Origen (_Contr. Cels._ b. i. and ii.), puts into the mouth of the Jew whom he introduces. In reference to it, the commentators on these fathers, and especially Semisch’s work on Justin Martyr (translated), and the works on the Jewish Talmudic literature and philosophy, may be consulted. The contest is continued at intervals in treatises by inferior writers; an account of which may be found in the sources of information hereafter given, and in _Hagenbach’s Dogmengesch._ § 144.