The earliest _Veda_ is in course of publication by professor Max Müller. It has been partly translated by the late professor H. H. Wilson, and wholly by Langlois. Mr. M. Müller has given the results of his studies of this early literature in his admirable work, the _History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature_, 1859; which is full of instruction for the philosopher who is inquiring concerning intellectual and religious history. Most of the other works named above have also been translated into European languages, viz. the _Epic Poems_,—the _Rámáyana_, in Italian by Gorresio, and in French by H. Fauche, 1854; and _Episodes_ from the _Mahábhárata_ by P. E. Foucaux, 1862;—also the _Laws of Manu_,(1056) in English by Sir W. Jones, and in French by A. Loiseleur Des-Lonchamps; the _Bhagavat Gitá_ by Wilkins, 1809, the text of which was edited by Schlegel, 1823; the 2d ed. by C. Lassen, 1846. One of the _Puránas_ (the _Vishnu_) has been translated by Wilson; and part of the _Bhagavat_ by Burnouf, who has also edited the text. Concerning the systems of Hindu philosophy; see Ritter’s _History of Philosophy_, E. T. vol. iv. b. xii. ch. v; Archer Butler’s _Lectures on Philosophy_, vol. i. p. 243 seq.; Colebrooke’s _Essays on the Philosophy of the Hindus_, 1837; _Aphorisms of Hindu Philosophy_, printed under the care of Dr. Ballantyne for the Benares government college; and Dr. R. Williams’s _Christianity and Hinduism_, 1856. The work of the late archdeacon Hardwick, _Christ and other Masters_, also contains a brief account of three of the systems of philosophy, the _Vedánta_, founded on the sacred books, the _Sánkhya_ or atheistic, and the _Yoga_ or mystic, together with a comparison of them with Christianity (part ii.). An explanation of a part of the _Nyáya_ or Logical Philosophy, is given by Max Müller in the Appendix to Dr. Thomson’s _Outlines of the Laws of Thought_, 3d ed. On the system of thought in Buddhism, on which the study of the Páli has thrown light, consult E. Burnouf’s _Introduction à l’Histoire du Buddhisme Indien_; and Spence Hardy’s _Manual of Budhism_, 1853. Also archdeacon Hardwick’s work above named. The Hindu history, exhibiting its double movement, of philosophy on the one hand and of the Buddhist reformation on the other, has been thought to offer a distant analogy to the mental history of Europe in the double movement of the scholastic philosophy and the reformation.