During the period just considered the contest with the Jews was carried on chiefly in Spain, or the few Jewish settlements of Lithuania. Henceforth it is chiefly seen in Germany and Holland, where the learned Dutch and German theologians of the seventeenth century were brought into contact with them, or were attracted to the study of the controversy by an interest in the newly awakened taste for Hebrew learning. This age supplies works of great value in gaining a knowledge of Jewish literature, some of which will be named below, and a few treatises, such as, one by Micrælius (_De Messiâ_, 1647); a brief notice by Hoornbeek, _Summa Controv._ 1653 (p. 65); an unfinished treatise by Hulsius, _Theologia Judaica_, 1653; and one by Cocceius, _Jud. Respons. Consid._ 1662. The activity of the Jews is seen in the fact that an unfair attack by Bentz, 1614, was answered in the _Theriaca Judaica_ of the Jew Salomo Zebi, Hanover 1615, which again met with a Christian respondent in Wulferus, 1681. Also Limborch had a dispute with a Jew in his _Amica Collatio cum Erudito Judæo_ (Dr. Orobius), 1687. The controversy continued through the eighteenth century, probably outlasting its cause; for defences on the side of the Jews ceased. We meet with two works by Difenbach, _Judæus Convertendus_, 1696, and _Judæus Conversus_, 1709; Calvoer’s _Gloria Christi_, 1710; Mornæus’ _De Verit. Relig. Christianæ_, 1707; and, in England, Bp. Kidder’s and Dr. Stanhope’s _Boyle Lectures_, the former of which was the basis of the treatise, _The Demonstration of the Messias_, 1700; and C. Leslie’s _Short Method with the Jews_. Catalogues of the writings, of which the above are the best known, may be found in J. A. Fabricius’s _Biblioth. Græc._ (ed. 1715), vii. 125; and _De Verit. Relig. Christianæ_, 1725, ch. xxxi; and _Blasphemia Judæorum_, Id. ch. xxxvii; Walch’s _Biblioth. Theol. Selecta_, vol. i. c. v. sect. 8. (1757); also in Bartollocci’s _Dictionary of Jewish Authors_, 1678, and Imbonati’s _Dictionary of Christian Writers_ concerning the Jews, 1694; and especially in Wolff’s _Biblioth. Hebr._, 1715, and De Rossi’s _Dizionario degli Autori Ebrei_, 1802. For information concerning sources of Jewish theology and literature, it is enough to cite Hottinger’s _Historia Orientalis_, Carpzov’s _Introductio_, and Owen’s _Prelim. Exercitationes_.