THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: AFRICAN RESEARCH 107 CHAPTER XII. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER: ASIA AND AUSTRALIA 115 CHAPTER XIII. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER: THE POLES 122 CHAPTER XIV. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER: EVOLUTION AND PROGRESS OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE 135 SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHY 147 INDEX 149 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A MISSIONARY LOOKING OVER THE EDGE OF THE WORLD _Frontispiece_ FIG. PAGE 1.--TAHITIAN MAP 2 2.--THE WORLD AS SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN CONCEIVED BY HECATÆUS 11 3.--THE WORLD ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS B.C. 450 15 4.--THE WORLD ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY 28–29 5.--THE WORLD ACCORDING TO COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES 35 6.--BEATUS’S MAP 38 7.--THE HEREFORD MAP 47 8.--CHART OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1500, BY JUAN DE LA COSA 49 9.--SCAPH 91 10.--ASTROLABE 91 11.--QUADRANT 92 12.--CROSS-STAFF 94 13.--DAVIS’S BACK-STAFF 95 14.--PRETORIUS’S PLANE-TABLE 96 15.--RAMSDEN’S THEODOLITE 97 16.--MODERN FIVE INCH TRANSIT THEODOLITE 98 17.--THE WORLD ACCORDING TO MERCATOR (1587) 100 CHAPTER I. BEGINNINGS