The works of Ptolemy can have been known to few in the original Greek at this time, and for many centuries before. When, therefore, the translation of his Geography into Latin, originally undertaken by Emanuel Chrysoloras, a Byzantine scholar who settled in Italy, was completed in 1410 by his pupil Jacobus Angelus, these two students lit a beacon in the course of geographical study. The translation, which is usually identified with the name of Angelus alone, was issued under the title of Cosmography instead of Geography. It would appear that Angelus, of whose life apart from this work little is known, not only dealt with the text, but also did the maps into Latin. In a short time there was no lack of copies of the work, and it was soon found necessary to add to the maps at certain points where they failed to represent knowledge which was by this time in possession of the translators. Already about 1424 Claudius Clavus Swartha had constructed in Italy a map which showed the north-westward extension of knowledge as far as Greenland; the curious orderly curves by which the coastlines are represented frankly acknowledge the draughtsman’s lack of detail. About 1470 Nicolaus Germanus, often known erroneously as Donis, produced a manuscript edition of Ptolemy, with maps magnificently illuminated and on improved projections. He also added new maps, and it has been said of the collection that, as far as concerns methods of drawing, it is the prototype of all subsequent atlases (Nordenskjöld). An edition, probably of 1472, if not later, though it is dated earlier, reveals the use of a conical projection with meridians and parallels drawn across the maps; and, as points of some interest in comparison with modern maps, it may be added that the seas are green, the mountains blue, and other parts of the land red and yellow. The Florentine edition in verse, of about 1480, by Francesco Berlinghieri, contained an important series of new printed maps, including Italy, France, Spain, and Palestine. Although the extension of knowledge to the north-west, as has been mentioned, attracted considerable attention on the part of the editors of Ptolemy, the recent Portuguese discoveries in West Africa did not, apparently, do the same. In an edition, for instance, of 1486, made at Ulm, a geographical description of the north-west lands, including Greenland, was furnished, and there were quoted the latitude and longitude of 183 places in northern Europe and Greenland; but there was no evidence that the conception of the southern limit of the habitable world by Ptolemy was understood to be now proved wholly erroneous by the Portuguese discoveries.