[627] The Romans expatriated themselves to such a degree that, when Mithridates began war, and caused all the Roman citizens spread over his states to be massacred in one day, they amounted to 150,000, according to Plutarch (_Sylla_, xlviii.); 80,000 according to Memnon (in the _Bibliotheca_ of Photius, Codex CCXXIV. 31) and Valerius Maximus (IX. 2, § 3).--The small town of Cirta, in Africa, could only be defended against Jugurtha by Italiotes. (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 26.) [628] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 35. [629] “And Rome refused to admit in the number of her citizens the men by whom she had acquired that greatness of which she was so proud as to despise the peoples of the same blood and of the same origin.” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 15). [630] See the list of Censuses at Note (^4) of page 256. [631] Mommsen, _Geschichte Roms_, I., p. 785. [632] The lands taken from the town of Leontium were of the extent of thirty thousand _jugera_. They were, in 542, farmed out by the censors; but at the end of some time, there remained only one citizen of the country among the eighty-four farmers who had installed themselves in them; all the others belonged to the Roman nobility. (Mommsen, ii. 75.--Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. 46 _et seq._) [633] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 9. [634] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXIV. 3. [635] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXVI., p. 147, ed. Schweighæuser. [636] Strabo, XIV. v. 570. [637] “Our ancestors feared always the spirit of slavery, even in the case where, born in the field and under the roof of his master, the slave learnt to love him from his birth. But since we count ours by nations, each of which has its manners and gods, or perhaps has no gods, no, this vile and confused assemblage will never be kept under but by fear.” (Tacitus, _Annales_, XIV. 44.) [638] In 442, the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus causes the freedmen to be inscribed in all the tribes, and allows their sons the entrance to the Senate. (Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36.)--In 450 the censor Q. Fabius Rullianus (Maximus) confines them to the four urban tribes (Titus Livius, IX. 46); towards 530, other censors opened again all the tribes to them; in 534, the censors L. Æmilius Papus and C. Flaminius re-established the order of 450 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX.); an exception is made in favour of those who have a son of the age of more than five years, or who possess lands of the value of more than 30,000 sestertii (XLV. 15); in 585, the censor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus expels them from the rustic tribes, where they had been again introduced, and unites them in one sole urban tribe, the Esquiline. (Titus Livius, XLV. 15.--Cicero, _De Oratore_, I. ix. 38.)--(639.) “The Æmilian law permits freedmen to vote in the four urban tribes.” (Aurelius Victor, _Illustrious Men_, 72.) [639] Valerius Maximus, VI. 2, § 3.--Velleius Paterculus, II. 4.