[308] Gibbon, c. xl. Procop. Persic, i. 20. Cf. Isidore of Charax in Stathm. Parth., who gives the stations in the Persian empire, and Amm. Marcell. lib. xxiii., who enumerates the provinces. [309] The Roman laws went further than the game laws of England, as an African was not permitted to kill a lion, even in his own defence. [310] Pliny, iii. 31. [311] Sueton. Calig. c. xlv. Mela. iii. 2. Sueton. Claud. c. xvii. Eginhardt says that Charlemagne repaired this tower (Vit. Car. Magn.) [312] Tacit. Annal. ii. 6. They were mostly broad flat-bottomed boats, with rudders at each end. [313] The head of Apollo, on the fine tetradrachms of Rhodes, is believed to be a copy of the head of the Colossus. [314] Strab. xiv. p. 654. In the time of Strabo and Pliny it was lying as it had fallen. Plin. xxxiv. 41. [315] Justin. Digest. xiv. 2, and the comment thereon by Sir Patrick de Colquhoun (“Summary of the Roman Civil Law,” vol. iii. pp. 137-142.) [316] One Rhodian Law quoted in the Digests decreed that _silk_, if saved, when shipwrecked, from wetting, should pay a salvage of ten per cent. as _being equal in value to gold_. Cf. Vopisc. in Aurel. c. xlv. [317] Orelli. Inscript., Nos. 1494, 2973, &c. Cf. Horat. Ars. Poet. v. 329. [318] Cicer. pro Rosc. 2, 3, and 9, where the whole argument turns on the point that Roscius’s creditor, Fannius, claimed simply on the assertion of a note in his “adversaria.” This, Cicero argues, is no valid claim at all. [319] “Volumina,” whence our “volumes.” [320] In our own time, merchant ships have carried fire-arms for their protection, and up to within the last few years there was an armoury on board of all merchant vessels. [321] Gibbon, c. xxxi. under A.D. 408, estimates the probable population of Rome at 1,200,000 souls; and his reasoning seems satisfactory. Its present population probably does not exceed one-sixth of this amount. David Hume has an interesting essay, “Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations,” in which he examines this and other similar questions. [322] Claudius began, and Nero and Trajan completed, this great work. [323] Gibbon, c. xxxi. See also Admiral W. H. Smyth’s “Mediterranean.” [324] Pliny, xxxvi. 83. CHAPTER VII.