Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steamship Company—_City of Glasgow_, 1850—_City of Manchester_, 1851—Speed of _City of Paris_ and _City of Brussels_—Exertions of Mr. Inman to improve and facilitate cheap emigration to the United States—Large number of emigrants carried in the Inman steamers—_City of Chester_, 1873—_City of Berlin_, 1875—Ocean steamers to Canada, 1853—First mail contract, 1852—Allan line of steamers, 1856—Extent and capacity of its fleet—Speed of these vessels—Galway line a failure—Loss of _Connaught_, 1860—Rapid Passage of _Adriatic_, 1861—Struggles between sailing-clippers and iron screw-ships—National Steam Navigation Company, 1863—Their splendid ships—Old Black Ball line—The Guion line, 1863—Mississippi and Dominion Company—White Star line, 1870—Strict regulations for safety—_Britannic_ and _Germanic_—Their great speed—Details of _Britannic_ and form of her screw—Difficulty of estimating real cost of steamers—Pennsylvania Company, 1873—Anchor line from the Clyde, 1856—Prodigious range of their trade operations—The _Victoria_—Hamburg American Steam Packet Company—North German Lloyd’s CHAPTER VII. 292-313 Royal West India Mail Steam Packet Company, 1841—Number of their ships—Conditions of mail contract—Large subsidy—Heavy loss during the first year of their operations—Capital of the Company—Liberal concessions by Government—Complaints of the public—Improved prospects of the company from improved management—Contract renewed, 1850—Its conditions—Fresh conditions, 1857—Contract again renewed, 1864—Further renewal, 1874—The steam-ship _Forth_—Losses of various ships of the company—Causes of these losses—Loss of the _Amazon_—Terrible sufferings—Loss of the _Demerara_—Additions to their fleet, and superior class of vessels CHAPTER VIII. 314-335 Pacific Steam Navigation Company—First steamer on the Pacific, 1825—Mr. Wheelwright—Obtains a charter, 1840—First vessels, the _Chili_ and _Peru_—Warm reception at Valparaiso—The Company persevere—Appointment of Mr. Just, 1846—Extension of contract, 1850—Marked improvement in the prospects of the Company, 1860—New lines—Vast increase of capital, 1867—Further increase of capital to 3,000,000_l._, 1871—Capital increased to 4,000,000_l._, 1872—Extent of fleet, _Iberia_ and _Liguria_—_Chimborazo_, 1871—Too rapid increase—Loss arising therefrom—Modification of mail contract and reduced services—West coast steamer _Bolivia_—Future prospects of the Company—Trade with Mexico—First line of steamers from Liverpool to Chagres—West India and Pacific Steam Navigation Company—Liverpool, Brazil, and River Plate Steam Navigation Company CHAPTER IX. 336-375